Abstract
The study was conducted for the management of pomegranate fruit borer, Virachola isocrates (Fab.) to investigate the biology and infestation level under field and lab conditions. The experiment was conducted on Randomize Complete Block RCB Design with three replications. For field study, twenty-four trees of pomegranate were selected to which chemicals (cypermethrin, indoxacarb, bifenthrin, lamda-cyhalothrin) and botanicals insecticides (Azadirachta indica, Persicaria hydropiper, Eucalyptus globulus and control (tap water) were assigned in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) Design in three replications. Influence of treatments on mean percent infestation of V. isocrates revealed that lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36) followed by bifenthrin (3.950.32), indoaxarb (4.350.28), cypermethrin (4.550.28), A. indica (8.000.50), P. hydropiper (7.56 0.27) and E. globulus (7.040.70). The maximum mean percent infestation (15.57 1.24) was recorded from control trees. Maximum yield (16.000.49 ha -1 ) was obtained from lamdacyhalothrin treated trees while minimum (7.170.43 ha -1 ) was recorded in the control. The developmental period of V. isocrates was completed in 34-55 days. The average length of oviposition was 8.84, the larval period was 32.22 days and an average length of pupal was 17.60 days. Adult longevity was 6.58 days. Under laboratory conditions, the highest 100% mortality was caused by lamda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin after 72hrs followed by A. indica seed extract (81.00) and P. hydropiper (78.80) when tested under laboratory conditions. Based on the current results, it is concluded that lamda-cyhalothrin and A. indica caused high mortality under lab and field conditions, which can be included in future IPM programs.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Lamda-cyhalothrin produced the lowest fruit borer infestation, 3.740.36.
- Taxon
- pomegranate
Punica granatumt0 - Treatment
- lamda-cyhalothrine0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocrates
.jpg?width=60)
Deudorix isocratest0pest - Outcome
- mean infestatione0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 3.740.36e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin had mean fruit borer infestation of 3.950.32.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- bifenthrine0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mean infestatione1
- Value
- 3.950.32e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by bifenthrin (3.950.32)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
e1“lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36)”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb had mean fruit borer infestation of 4.350.28.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- indoaxarbe0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mean infestatione1
- Value
- 4.350.28e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indoaxarb (4.350.28)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
e1“lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cypermethrin had mean fruit borer infestation of 4.550.28.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- cypermethrine0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mean infestatione1
- Value
- 4.550.28e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cypermethrin (4.550.28)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
e1“lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36)”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachta indica treatment had mean fruit borer infestation of 8.000.50.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- A. indicae0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mean infestatione1
- Value
- 8.000.50e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. indica (8.000.50)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
e1“lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36)”
Claim · model-written summary
Persicaria hydropiper treatment had mean fruit borer infestation of 7.56 0.27.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- P. hydropipere0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mean infestatione1
- Value
- 7.56 0.27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. hydropiper (7.56 0.27)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
e1“lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36)”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus globulus treatment had mean fruit borer infestation of 7.040.70.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- E. globuluse0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mean infestatione1
- Value
- 7.040.70e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E. globulus (7.040.70)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
e1“lamda-cyhalothrin resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36)”
Claim · model-written summary
Control trees had the maximum mean fruit borer infestation, 15.57 1.24.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- control treese0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mean percent infestatione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 15.57 1.24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum mean percent infestation (15.57 1.24) was recorded from control trees”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Lamda-cyhalothrin treated trees had maximum yield, 16.000.49 ha -1.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- lamdacyhalothrine0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 16.000.49 ha -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum yield (16.000.49 ha -1 ) was obtained from lamdacyhalothrin treated trees”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Control trees had minimum yield, 7.170.43 ha -1.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 7.170.43 ha -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum (7.170.43 ha -1 ) was recorded in the control”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
e1“Maximum yield (16.000.49 ha -1 ) was obtained from lamdacyhalothrin treated trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit borer development took 34-55 days.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Interactor
- V. isocratesDeudorix isocratese0pest
- Outcome
- developmental period of V. isocratese0
- Value
- 34-55 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“developmental period of V. isocrates was completed in 34-55 days”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit borer oviposition averaged 8.84.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- length of ovipositione0
- Value
- 8.84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average length of oviposition was 8.84”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit borer larval period was 32.22 days.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- larval periode0
- Value
- 32.22 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larval period was 32.22 days”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit borer pupal period averaged 17.60 days.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- length of pupale0
- Value
- 17.60 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average length of pupal was 17.60 days”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit borer adults lived 6.58 days.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- Adult longevitye0
- Value
- 6.58 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adult longevity was 6.58 days”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Lamda-cyhalothrin caused 100% laboratory mortality after 72hrs.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- lamda-cyhalothrine0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- after 72hrse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest 100% mortality was caused by lamda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin after 72hrs”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
Cypermethrin caused 100% laboratory mortality after 72hrs.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- cypermethrine0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- after 72hrse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest 100% mortality was caused by lamda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin after 72hrs”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
Claim · model-written summary
A. indica seed extract caused 81.00 laboratory mortality.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- A. indica seed extracte0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mortalityt1
- Value
- 81.00e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. indica seed extract (81.00)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
t1“mortality under lab and field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
P. hydropiper caused 78.80 laboratory mortality.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- P. hydropipere0
- Interactor
- Virachola isocratesDeudorix isocratest0pest
- Outcome
- mortalityt1
- Value
- 78.80e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. hydropiper (78.80)”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”
t1“mortality under lab and field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose lamda-cyhalothrin and A. indica for future IPM programs.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Outcome
- included in future IPM programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lamda-cyhalothrin and A. indica caused high mortality under lab and field conditions, which can be included in future IPM programs”
t0“Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola isocrates”