Abstract
In the Indian subcontinent, lentil (Lens culinaries Medik) is cultivated mainly on carry-over residual soil water and nutrients in rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.)-fallows, coinciding with increasing temperatures during the reproductive period, thus limiting seed yield. A field experiment was conducted in rice fallows with the main plots of two dates of sowing of lentil (early and late) after short and long-duration puddled rice, the sub-plots of three tillage practices after puddled rice viz. no-tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) with varying rice residues and the sub-sub-plots with four K fertilizer management viz. no K (K0) i.e. control, K as basal (Kb), K as foliar (Kf) and K both as basal and foliar (Kb+f) on an Aeric Haplaquept, clay loam soil of Lower Gangetic Plain during 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 cropping seasons. The objective of the study was to explore the extent of abiotic stresses vis-à-vis study of the effectiveness of the sowing time, tillage and K in mitigation of these stress through reconnoitering the plants rooting behavior, morpho-physiological and biochemical responses reflecting yield and water productivity under the above management practices. Plots with the early sown lentil stored significantly (P < 0.05) 29 % and 17 % higher root zone (0–40 cm) soil water than late sown crops, while NT and MT stored a higher amount of soil water as compared to CT and the CT experienced the intensified stress accounting for 61 % and 74 % during the flowering and pod formation periods. Late sown lentil and NT treatments possessed higher bulk density (BD) of 1.52 and 1.55 Mg m−3 and penetration resistance (PR) of 2.51 MPa than early sown lentil and NT. Root zone soil water storage was significantly and positively correlated with leaf area index (R2 = 0.29; P < 0.05) and relative water content of leaves (R2 = 0.43; P < 0.01). Root growth was also heavily affected by these treatments. Though root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), mean root diameter (MRD), root volume (RV), the total number of root tips (TRT) and the total number of root forks (TRF) were improved at early growth of CT, MT produced maximum roots at reproductive stages of lentil. The abundance of soil water increased finer roots, whereas the unavailability of soil water produced coarser roots (> 1.0 mm). Kbf performed the best physiological activity (RWC, LAI, RLD, RSA, RV etc.) followed by Kb. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ETa) was observed 104, 97 and 86.5 mm under early sown NT, MT and CT, and both Kbf and Kb accounted for 89.5 mm of ETa. In respect to the maximum grain yield (14.23 q ha−1) vis-a-vis water productivity (13.15 kg ha−1 mm−1), and the highest improvement of lentil yield by 1.40 q ha−1 with each of 10 mm increment of ETa under early sown lentil at minimum tillage condition managed with K fertilizer as basal and foliar proved to be the best treatment in successful mitigation of abiotic stresses.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Early sown lentil stored 29 % and 17 % higher root zone soil water than late sown crops.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise0 - Treatment
- early sown lentile1
- Outcome
- root zone (0–40 cm) soil watere1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 29 % and 17 %e1
- Comparator
- late sown cropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“Plots with the early sown lentil stored significantly (P < 0.05) 29 % and 17 % higher root zone (0–40 cm) soil water than late sown crops”
Claim · model-written summary
NT and MT stored a higher amount of soil water than CT.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- NT and MTe2
- Outcome
- amount of soil watere2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e2“while NT and MT stored a higher amount of soil water as compared to CT”
Claim · model-written summary
CT experienced intensified stress of 61 % and 74 % during the flowering and pod formation periods.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Organ / stage
- flowering and pod formation periodse3
- Treatment
- CTe3
- Outcome
- intensified stresse3
- Direction
- intensifiede3
- Value
- 61 % and 74 %e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e3“the CT experienced the intensified stress accounting for 61 % and 74 % during the flowering and pod formation periods”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sown lentil and NT treatments had higher bulk density of 1.52 and 1.55 Mg m−3 than early sown lentil and NT.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Late sown lentil and NTe4
- Outcome
- bulk density (BD)e4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 1.52 and 1.55 Mg m−3e4
- Comparator
- early sown lentil and NTe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e4“Late sown lentil and NT treatments possessed higher bulk density (BD) of 1.52 and 1.55 Mg m−3 and penetration resistance (PR) of 2.51 MPa than early sown lentil and NT”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sown lentil and NT treatments had higher penetration resistance of 2.51 MPa than early sown lentil and NT.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Late sown lentil and NTe4
- Outcome
- penetration resistance (PR)e4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
- Value
- 2.51 MPae4
- Comparator
- early sown lentil and NTe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e4“Late sown lentil and NT treatments possessed higher bulk density (BD) of 1.52 and 1.55 Mg m−3 and penetration resistance (PR) of 2.51 MPa than early sown lentil and NT”
Claim · model-written summary
Root zone soil water storage was positively correlated with leaf area index (R2 = 0.29).
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Root zone soil water storagee5
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe5
- Direction
- positivelye5
- Value
- R2 = 0.29e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e5“Root zone soil water storage was significantly and positively correlated with leaf area index (R2 = 0.29; P < 0.05) and relative water content of leaves (R2 = 0.43; P < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root zone soil water storage was positively correlated with relative water content of leaves (R2 = 0.43).
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Root zone soil water storagee5
- Outcome
- relative water content of leavese5
- Direction
- positivelye5
- Value
- R2 = 0.43e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e5“Root zone soil water storage was significantly and positively correlated with leaf area index (R2 = 0.29; P < 0.05) and relative water content of leaves (R2 = 0.43; P < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth was heavily affected by the sowing, tillage and potassium treatments.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- these treatmentse6
- Outcome
- Root growthe6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e6“Root growth was also heavily affected by these treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length density, root surface area and mean root diameter improved at early growth of CT.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Organ / stage
- early growthe7
- Treatment
- CTe7
- Outcome
- root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), mean root diameter (MRD)e7
- Direction
- improvede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e7“root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), mean root diameter (MRD), root volume (RV), the total number of root tips (TRT) and the total number of root forks (TRF) were improved at early growth of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Root volume, number of root tips and number of root forks improved at early growth of CT.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Organ / stage
- early growthe7
- Treatment
- CTe7
- Outcome
- root volume (RV), the total number of root tips (TRT) and the total number of root forks (TRF)e7
- Direction
- improvede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e7“root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), mean root diameter (MRD), root volume (RV), the total number of root tips (TRT) and the total number of root forks (TRF) were improved at early growth of CT”
Claim · model-written summary
MT produced maximum roots at reproductive stages of lentil.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive stagese1
- Treatment
- MTe1
- Outcome
- rootse1
- Direction
- maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“MT produced maximum roots at reproductive stages of lentil”
Claim · model-written summary
The abundance of soil water increased finer roots.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- abundance of soil watere1
- Outcome
- finer rootse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“The abundance of soil water increased finer roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The unavailability of soil water produced coarser roots (> 1.0 mm).
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- unavailability of soil watere1
- Outcome
- coarser rootse1
- Value
- > 1.0 mme1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“the unavailability of soil water produced coarser roots (> 1.0 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kbf performed the best physiological activity, followed by Kb, and was the best treatment in successful mitigation of abiotic stresses.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Kbfe1
- Outcome
- physiological activitye1
- Direction
- beste1
- Qualifier
- successful mitigation of abiotic stressese2
- Comparator
- Kbe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“Kbf performed the best physiological activity (RWC, LAI, RLD, RSA, RV etc.) followed by Kb”
e2“proved to be the best treatment in successful mitigation of abiotic stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal evapotranspiration was 104, 97 and 86.5 mm under early sown NT, MT and CT.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- early sown NT, MT and CTe1
- Outcome
- Seasonal evapotranspiration (ETa)e1
- Value
- 104, 97 and 86.5 mme1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“Seasonal evapotranspiration (ETa) was observed 104, 97 and 86.5 mm under early sown NT, MT and CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Kbf and Kb accounted for 89.5 mm of seasonal evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Kbf and Kbe1
- Outcome
- ETae1
- Value
- 89.5 mme1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“both Kbf and Kb accounted for 89.5 mm of ETa”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sown lentil at minimum tillage with basal and foliar K gave the maximum grain yield (14.23 q ha−1).
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- early sown lentil at minimum tillage condition managed with K fertilizer as basal and foliare2
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 14.23 q ha−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“the maximum grain yield (14.23 q ha−1) vis-a-vis water productivity (13.15 kg ha−1 mm−1)”
e2“early sown lentil at minimum tillage condition managed with K fertilizer as basal and foliar”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sown lentil at minimum tillage with basal and foliar K gave the maximum water productivity (13.15 kg ha−1 mm−1).
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- early sown lentil at minimum tillage condition managed with K fertilizer as basal and foliare2
- Outcome
- water productivitye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 13.15 kg ha−1 mm−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“the maximum grain yield (14.23 q ha−1) vis-a-vis water productivity (13.15 kg ha−1 mm−1)”
e2“early sown lentil at minimum tillage condition managed with K fertilizer as basal and foliar”
Claim · model-written summary
Lentil yield improved by 1.40 q ha−1 with each 10 mm increment of ETa.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- each of 10 mm increment of ETae1
- Outcome
- lentil yielde1
- Direction
- improvemente1
- Value
- 1.40 q ha−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lentil (Lens culinaries Medik)”
e1“the highest improvement of lentil yield by 1.40 q ha−1 with each of 10 mm increment of ETa”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · disease · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
tillage · growth · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
sowing time · disease · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.