Abstract
Emerging studies provide promising evidence that applying zeolite combined with water-saving irrigation could effectively retain soil nutrients and increase rice yields. However, the effects of this water-nitrogen management strategy on soil nitrogen (N) loss through leaching and runoff are unclear under field conditions. Herein, we explored the dynamics of N concentrations, quantified soil N losses through leachate and runoff, and investigated the response of reducing N loss on rice yield. A three-year field experiment (2018−2020) was conducted in Donggang city of Liaoning Province in northeast China. The field experiment used a split-plot design, including two irrigation regimes [continuously flooded irrigation (CF) and alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD)] as main plots, and two zeolite applications (Z0, no zeolite; Z10, 10 t ha−1 zeolite) as sub-plots, so as to quantify their effects on TN, NH4+-N, NO3−-N loss, and rice yield. Averaged across 3 years, our results showed that AWD reduced the volume of irrigation, leachate, and runoff by 22.2%, 20.8%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared with CF. AWD also decreased the losses of total N (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 25.5%, 17.5%, and 11.1% in leachate and by 22.9%, 18.3%, and 26.3% in runoff, respectively, compared with CF. Compared to Z0, Z10 reduced the losses of TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.4% in leachate and by 10.0%, 14.0%, and 5.9% in runoff, respectively. N output through leaching and runoff under AWD and Z10 was decreased by 2.1% and 2.2%, respectively, compared with CF and Z0. No significant difference was found in rice yield between CF and AWD, whereas rice yields increased 3.3% under Z10 compared with Z0. Altogether, our results highlight that the combination of zeolite and AWD can simultaneously produce more rice yield and reduce soil N losses.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced irrigation, leachate and runoff volumes by 22.2%, 20.8% and 18.9% versus CF.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- volume of irrigatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22.2%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced the volume of irrigation, leachate, and runoff by 22.2%, 20.8%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced leachate volume by 20.8% versus CF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced the volume of irrigation, leachate, and runoff by 22.2%, 20.8%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced runoff volume by 18.9% versus CF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced the volume of irrigation, leachate, and runoff by 22.2%, 20.8%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced leachate TN loss by 25.5% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- total N (TN)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.5%e0
- Qualifier
- leachatee0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD also decreased the losses of total N (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 25.5%, 17.5%, and 11.1% in leachate and by 22.9%, 18.3%, and 26.3% in runoff, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced leachate NH4+-N loss by 17.5% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- NH4+-Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17.5%e0
- Qualifier
- leachatee0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD also decreased the losses of total N (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 25.5%, 17.5%, and 11.1% in leachate and by 22.9%, 18.3%, and 26.3% in runoff, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced leachate NO3−-N loss by 11.1% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- NO3−-Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.1%e0
- Qualifier
- leachatee0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD also decreased the losses of total N (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 25.5%, 17.5%, and 11.1% in leachate and by 22.9%, 18.3%, and 26.3% in runoff, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced runoff TN loss by 22.9% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- total N (TN)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 22.9%e0
- Qualifier
- runoffe0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD also decreased the losses of total N (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 25.5%, 17.5%, and 11.1% in leachate and by 22.9%, 18.3%, and 26.3% in runoff, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced runoff NH4+-N loss by 18.3% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- NH4+-Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18.3%e0
- Qualifier
- runoffe0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD also decreased the losses of total N (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 25.5%, 17.5%, and 11.1% in leachate and by 22.9%, 18.3%, and 26.3% in runoff, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced runoff NO3−-N loss by 26.3% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- NO3−-Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26.3%e0
- Qualifier
- runoffe0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD also decreased the losses of total N (TN), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 25.5%, 17.5%, and 11.1% in leachate and by 22.9%, 18.3%, and 26.3% in runoff, respectively, compared with CF.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 reduced leachate TN loss by 16.0% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- TNe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16.0%e0
- Qualifier
- leachatee0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to Z0, Z10 reduced the losses of TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.4% in leachate and by 10.0%, 14.0%, and 5.9% in runoff, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 reduced leachate NH4+-N loss by 16.9% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- NH4+-Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16.9%e0
- Qualifier
- leachatee0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to Z0, Z10 reduced the losses of TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.4% in leachate and by 10.0%, 14.0%, and 5.9% in runoff, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 reduced leachate NO3−-N loss by 19.4% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- NO3−-Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19.4%e0
- Qualifier
- leachatee0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to Z0, Z10 reduced the losses of TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.4% in leachate and by 10.0%, 14.0%, and 5.9% in runoff, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 reduced runoff TN loss by 10.0% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- TNe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.0%e0
- Qualifier
- runoffe0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to Z0, Z10 reduced the losses of TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.4% in leachate and by 10.0%, 14.0%, and 5.9% in runoff, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 reduced runoff NH4+-N loss by 14.0% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- NH4+-Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14.0%e0
- Qualifier
- runoffe0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to Z0, Z10 reduced the losses of TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.4% in leachate and by 10.0%, 14.0%, and 5.9% in runoff, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 reduced runoff NO3−-N loss by 5.9% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- NO3−-Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5.9%e0
- Qualifier
- runoffe0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to Z0, Z10 reduced the losses of TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N by 16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.4% in leachate and by 10.0%, 14.0%, and 5.9% in runoff, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced nitrogen output through leaching and runoff by 2.1% versus CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- N output through leaching and runoffe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.1%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N output through leaching and runoff under AWD and Z10 was decreased by 2.1% and 2.2%, respectively, compared with CF and Z0.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 reduced nitrogen output through leaching and runoff by 2.2% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- N output through leaching and runoffe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.2%e0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N output through leaching and runoff under AWD and Z10 was decreased by 2.1% and 2.2%, respectively, compared with CF and Z0.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield did not differ significantly between CF and AWD.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- No significant differencee0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant difference was found in rice yield between CF and AWD, whereas rice yields increased 3.3% under Z10 compared with Z0.”
Claim · model-written summary
Z10 increased rice yield by 3.3% versus Z0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Z10e0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.3%e0
- Comparator
- Z0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant difference was found in rice yield between CF and AWD, whereas rice yields increased 3.3% under Z10 compared with Z0.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that combining zeolite with AWD can raise rice yield while reducing soil nitrogen losses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- zeolite and AWDe0
- Outcome
- produce more rice yield and reduce soil N lossese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of zeolite and AWD can simultaneously produce more rice yield and reduce soil N losses.”
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