Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is considered as the most cultivated and consumed leafy vegetable all over the world. In Erbil Governorate, most farmers used sewage water to irrigate lettuce, which caused health risks especially heavy metal pollutants including cadmium. This research was applied as a factorial experiment to investigate the effects of foliar spraying of salicylic acid (SA) (0,0.5,1, 1.5 or 2mM) followed by spraying cadmium chloride (Cd) (0, 1, 2, or 4mM) on the growth, and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of this plant. Results show that most vegetative growth characteristics responded inversely to increasing SA concentrations, whereas the response of root performance improved with using SA application. A low concentration of Cd (1mM) improved root and shoot performance, whereas increasing the concentration to 4 mM decreased these characteristics significantly compared to no Cd added plants, except for the percent of shoot dry matter. Most of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly by foliar spraying with SA and Cd. Applications of SA increased catalase enzyme activity significantly compared to no SA treated plants. Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, proline, and percent of total carbohydrate content and decreased catalase enzyme activity and the percent of infection with watery soft rot significantly compared to no Cd treated plants. It is concluded that lettuce tolerance to cadmium stress was increased by pretreatment foliar application of SA.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative growth characteristics of lettuce responded inversely to increasing salicylic acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- increasing SA concentrationse1
- Outcome
- vegetative growth characteristicse1
- Direction
- responded inverselye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e1“most vegetative growth characteristics responded inversely to increasing SA concentrations, whereas the response of root performance improved with using SA application”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid application improved root performance of lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- SA applicatione1
- Outcome
- root performancee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e1“most vegetative growth characteristics responded inversely to increasing SA concentrations, whereas the response of root performance improved with using SA application”
Claim · model-written summary
A low cadmium concentration (1 mM) improved root and shoot performance of lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- A low concentration of Cd (1mM)e2
- Outcome
- root and shoot performancee2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“A low concentration of Cd (1mM) improved root and shoot performance, whereas increasing the concentration to 4 mM decreased these characteristics significantly compared to no Cd added plants, except for the percent of shoot dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium at 4 mM significantly decreased root and shoot performance of lettuce compared with no cadmium, except for the percent of shoot dry matter.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing the concentration to 4 mMe2
- Outcome
- root and shoot performancee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- except for the percent of shoot dry mattere2
- Comparator
- no Cd added plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“A low concentration of Cd (1mM) improved root and shoot performance, whereas increasing the concentration to 4 mM decreased these characteristics significantly compared to no Cd added plants, except for the percent of shoot dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying with salicylic acid and cadmium decreased most photosynthetic pigments of lettuce significantly.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying with SA and Cde3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e3“Most of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly by foliar spraying with SA and Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid applications significantly increased catalase enzyme activity of lettuce compared with no salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Applications of SAe4
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- no SA treated plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e4“Applications of SA increased catalase enzyme activity significantly compared to no SA treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid and proline of lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium foliar applicatione5
- Outcome
- peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, prolinee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- no Cd treated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e5“Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, proline, and percent of total carbohydrate content and decreased catalase enzyme activity and the percent of infection with watery soft rot significantly compared to no Cd treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium foliar application increased the percent of total carbohydrate content of lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium foliar applicatione5
- Outcome
- percent of total carbohydrate contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- no Cd treated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e5“Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, proline, and percent of total carbohydrate content and decreased catalase enzyme activity and the percent of infection with watery soft rot significantly compared to no Cd treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium foliar application significantly decreased catalase enzyme activity of lettuce compared with no cadmium.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium foliar applicatione5
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activitye5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- no Cd treated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e5“Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, proline, and percent of total carbohydrate content and decreased catalase enzyme activity and the percent of infection with watery soft rot significantly compared to no Cd treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium foliar application significantly decreased the percent of infection with watery soft rot in lettuce compared with no cadmium.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium foliar applicatione5
- Outcome
- the percent of infection with watery soft rote5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- no Cd treated plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e5“Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, proline, and percent of total carbohydrate content and decreased catalase enzyme activity and the percent of infection with watery soft rot significantly compared to no Cd treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that pretreatment foliar salicylic acid increased lettuce tolerance to cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- pretreatment foliar application of SAe6
- Outcome
- lettuce tolerance to cadmium stresse6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)”
e6“It is concluded that lettuce tolerance to cadmium stress was increased by pretreatment foliar application of SA”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · disease · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
salicylic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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salicylic acid · disease · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
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8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.