Abstract
Understanding the spatial distributions of soil water, temperature and nutrients as well as their effects on maize growth and grain yield is vital for optimizing drip fertigation regimes. In this study, a 2 year field experiment was conducted on drip-fertigated spring maize with plastic mulching in arid northwestern China in 2015 and 2016. Four irrigation levels were set: as I60 (60% ETc; ETc is crop evapotranspiration), I75 (75% ETc), I90 (90% ETc) and I105 (105% ETc) in 2015; and as I60 (60% ETc), I80 (80% ETc), I100 (100% ETc) and I120 (120% ETc) in 2016. Two fertilization rates of N-P2O5-K2O were set: as F180 (180-90-90) and F240 (240-120-120). The results showed that the average soil water content in the deeper soil layer (80–120 cm) increased with the increase in irrigation level, and the lowest average soil water content in the 0–80 cm soil layer occurred under I95 in 2015 and under I100 in 2016. The irrigation level more significantly influenced the soil temperature at 5 cm than at the other depths. With the decrease in the irrigation level and progression of the growth period, the soil temperature increased. The soil nitrate nitrogen content in the root zone decreased with increasing irrigation level. The largest soil nitrate nitrogen content at the 0–100 cm depth occurred under I60 in both 2015 and 2016. Significant differences were observed for root length density in the 0–20 cm soil layer at various lateral locations. In deeper (60–100 cm) soil layers, the root length density under I75 (2015) and I80 (2016) was greater than at other depths. Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016. I105F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (18.81 t ha−1), WUE (3.32 kg m−3), and PFP (52.26 kg kg−1) in 2015, while I100F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (20.51 t ha−1), WUE (3.99 kg m−3), and PFP (57.02 kg kg−1) in 2016. The optimal drip fertigation regimes for spring maize in arid northwest China were recommended as 90–100% ETc and 180-90-90 (N-P2O5-K2O) kg hm−2.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Deeper soil water content increased with irrigation level.
- Treatment
- irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- average soil water content in the deeper soil layer (80–120 cm)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average soil water content in the deeper soil layer (80–120 cm) increased with the increase in irrigation level”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest average 0–80 cm soil water content occurred under I95 in 2015.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest average soil water content in the 0–80 cm soil layer occurred under I95 in 2015”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest average 0–80 cm soil water content occurred under I100 in 2016.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest average soil water content in the 0–80 cm soil layer occurred under I95 in 2015 and under I100 in 2016”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation level influenced soil temperature more at 5 cm than at other depths.
- Treatment
- irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- soil temperature at 5 cme0
- Direction
- more significantly influencede0
- Comparator
- the other depthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The irrigation level more significantly influenced the soil temperature at 5 cm than at the other depths”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil temperature increased as irrigation decreased and growth progressed.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the decrease in the irrigation level and progression of the growth period, the soil temperature increased”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-zone nitrate nitrogen decreased with increasing irrigation.
- Treatment
- irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- soil nitrate nitrogen content in the root zonee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil nitrate nitrogen content in the root zone decreased with increasing irrigation level”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest 0–100 cm soil nitrate nitrogen content occurred under I60 in both years.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest soil nitrate nitrogen content at the 0–100 cm depth occurred under I60 in both 2015 and 2016”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length density differed significantly among lateral positions in the 0–20 cm layer.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant differences were observed for root length density in the 0–20 cm soil layer at various lateral locations”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep-layer root length density was greater under I75 in 2015 than at other depths.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In deeper (60–100 cm) soil layers, the root length density under I75 (2015) and I80 (2016) was greater than at other depths”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep-layer root length density was greater under I80 in 2016 than at other depths.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In deeper (60–100 cm) soil layers, the root length density under I75 (2015) and I80 (2016) was greater than at other depths”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield, WUE, and PFP increased with irrigation level in 2015.
- Treatment
- irrigation levele0
- Outcome
- Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield, WUE, and PFP rose then fell as irrigation increased in 2016.
- Treatment
- irrigation levele1
- Outcome
- Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP)e1
- Direction
- increased and then decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
I105F180 produced the maximum 2015 grain yield of 18.81 t ha−1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I105F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (18.81 t ha−1), WUE (3.32 kg m−3), and PFP (52.26 kg kg−1) in 2015”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
I105F180 produced the maximum 2015 WUE of 3.32 kg m−3.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I105F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (18.81 t ha−1), WUE (3.32 kg m−3), and PFP (52.26 kg kg−1) in 2015”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
I105F180 produced the maximum 2015 PFP of 52.26 kg kg−1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I105F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (18.81 t ha−1), WUE (3.32 kg m−3), and PFP (52.26 kg kg−1) in 2015”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
I100F180 produced the maximum 2016 grain yield of 20.51 t ha−1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I100F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (20.51 t ha−1), WUE (3.99 kg m−3), and PFP (57.02 kg kg−1) in 2016”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
I100F180 produced the maximum 2016 WUE of 3.99 kg m−3.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I100F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (20.51 t ha−1), WUE (3.99 kg m−3), and PFP (57.02 kg kg−1) in 2016”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
I100F180 produced the maximum 2016 PFP of 57.02 kg kg−1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I100F180 achieved the maximum grain yield (20.51 t ha−1), WUE (3.99 kg m−3), and PFP (57.02 kg kg−1) in 2016”
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“Grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) increased with the increase in irrigation level in 2015, while it increased and then decreased in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended 90–100% ETc and 180-90-90 kg hm−2 fertilizer for spring maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal drip fertigation regimes for spring maize in arid northwest China were recommended as 90–100% ETc and 180-90-90 (N-P2O5-K2O) kg hm−2”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · physiology: water · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
283 papers in the same direction as this paper · 39 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- negative
320 papers more in this group
See all 324 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.