Abstract
Poor grain filling severely reduces rice yield. Fertilizers play a vital role in regulating grain filling, especially nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). In this field study we aimed to investigate the interactive effects of N and K on the asynchronous filling properties of superior and inferior spikelets of japonica rice. We looked at grain filling under three N rates (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha −1 ) and three K rates (0, 60, and 120 kg K 2 O ha −1 ) during 2020 and 2021. Across two years, the results showed that the combined use of N and K on superior and inferior spikelets significantly increased their weight by 1.29 mg and 2.31 mg, their maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 and 0.07 mg d −1 , and their average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 and 0.06 mg d −1 , respectively, in comparison with the control (N0K0) treatment. Likewise, K supply increased the average contribution rate of superior and inferior spikelets to yield by 9.1% and 10.0%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the grain filling rate of superior and inferior spikelets was an important factor in determining the spikelet weight, whereas the grain filling time was not. We also found that the 1,000-grain weight mainly increased after increasing the spikelets’ maximum grain filling rate and average grain filling rate. Collectively, these results illustrate that the combined use of N and K can optimize the asynchronous filling of superior and inferior spikelets and, in particular, enhance inferior spikelet weight with higher rice yield.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K significantly increased superior spikelets weight by 1.29 mg relative to N0K0.
- Taxon
- japonica rice
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=60)
Oryza sativa Japonica Groupt0 - Organ / stage
- superiore0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.29 mge0
- Comparator
- control (N0K0) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Across two years, the results showed that the combined use of N and K on superior and inferior spikelets significantly increased their weight by 1.29 mg and 2.31 mg, their maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 and 0.07 mg d −1 , and their average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 and 0.06 mg d −1 , respectively, in comparison with the control (N0K0) treatment.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K significantly increased inferior spikelets weight by 2.31 mg relative to N0K0.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.31 mge0
- Comparator
- control (N0K0) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across two years, the results showed that the combined use of N and K on superior and inferior spikelets significantly increased their weight by 1.29 mg and 2.31 mg, their maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 and 0.07 mg d −1 , and their average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 and 0.06 mg d −1 , respectively, in comparison with the control (N0K0) treatment.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K significantly increased superior spikelets maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 relative to N0K0.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- superiore0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- maximum grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.24 mg d −1e0
- Comparator
- control (N0K0) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across two years, the results showed that the combined use of N and K on superior and inferior spikelets significantly increased their weight by 1.29 mg and 2.31 mg, their maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 and 0.07 mg d −1 , and their average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 and 0.06 mg d −1 , respectively, in comparison with the control (N0K0) treatment.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K significantly increased inferior spikelets maximum grain filling rate by 0.07 mg d −1 relative to N0K0.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- maximum grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.07 mg d −1e0
- Comparator
- control (N0K0) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across two years, the results showed that the combined use of N and K on superior and inferior spikelets significantly increased their weight by 1.29 mg and 2.31 mg, their maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 and 0.07 mg d −1 , and their average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 and 0.06 mg d −1 , respectively, in comparison with the control (N0K0) treatment.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K significantly increased superior spikelets average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 relative to N0K0.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- superiore0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- average grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.21 mg d −1e0
- Comparator
- control (N0K0) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across two years, the results showed that the combined use of N and K on superior and inferior spikelets significantly increased their weight by 1.29 mg and 2.31 mg, their maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 and 0.07 mg d −1 , and their average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 and 0.06 mg d −1 , respectively, in comparison with the control (N0K0) treatment.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K significantly increased inferior spikelets average grain filling rate by 0.06 mg d −1 relative to N0K0.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- inferior spikeletse0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- average grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.06 mg d −1e0
- Comparator
- control (N0K0) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across two years, the results showed that the combined use of N and K on superior and inferior spikelets significantly increased their weight by 1.29 mg and 2.31 mg, their maximum grain filling rate by 0.24 mg d −1 and 0.07 mg d −1 , and their average grain filling rate by 0.21 mg d −1 and 0.06 mg d −1 , respectively, in comparison with the control (N0K0) treatment.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
K supply increased the average contribution of superior spikelets to yield by 9.1%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- superiore0
- Treatment
- K supplye0
- Outcome
- average contribution ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, K supply increased the average contribution rate of superior and inferior spikelets to yield by 9.1% and 10.0%, respectively.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
K supply increased the average contribution of inferior spikelets to yield by 10.0%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- inferiore0
- Treatment
- K supplye0
- Outcome
- average contribution ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, K supply increased the average contribution rate of superior and inferior spikelets to yield by 9.1% and 10.0%, respectively.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain filling rate of superior and inferior spikelets correlated with spikelet weight.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- superior and inferior spikeletse0
- Outcome
- spikelet weighte0
- Qualifier
- grain filling ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that the grain filling rate of superior and inferior spikelets was an important factor in determining the spikelet weight, whereas the grain filling time was not.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain filling time was not an important factor in spikelet weight.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- superior and inferior spikeletse0
- Outcome
- spikelet weighte0
- Qualifier
- grain filling time was note0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that the grain filling rate of superior and inferior spikelets was an important factor in determining the spikelet weight, whereas the grain filling time was not.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher maximum grain filling rate was associated with increased 1,000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- spikelets’e0
- Outcome
- 1,000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- maximum grain filling ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We also found that the 1,000-grain weight mainly increased after increasing the spikelets’ maximum grain filling rate and average grain filling rate.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher average grain filling rate was associated with increased 1,000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- spikelets’e0
- Outcome
- 1,000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- average grain filling ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We also found that the 1,000-grain weight mainly increased after increasing the spikelets’ maximum grain filling rate and average grain filling rate.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K optimized asynchronous filling of superior and inferior spikelets.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- asynchronous filling of superior and inferior spikeletse0
- Direction
- optimizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Collectively, these results illustrate that the combined use of N and K can optimize the asynchronous filling of superior and inferior spikelets and, in particular, enhance inferior spikelet weight with higher rice yield.”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined N and K was associated with higher rice yield.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- combined use of N and Ke0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Collectively, these results illustrate that the combined use of N and K can optimize the asynchronous filling of superior and inferior spikelets and, in particular, enhance inferior spikelet weight with higher rice yield.”
t0“japonica rice”
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