Abstract
Saline-alkali stress is one of the main abiotic stress factors affecting plant growth and development. Trollius chinensis is a perennial herbal medicinal plant with high values for garden application. However, its response and tolerance to saline-alkali stress is unclear. In this study, we mixed four salts (NaCl: Na 2 SO 4 : NaHCO 3 : Na 2 CO 3 ) with a concentration ratio of 1:9:9:1, and applied low (40 and 80 mM) and high (120 and 160 mM) saline-alkali stress to analyze osmotic regulation substances, antioxidant systems and the gene expression of T. chinensis . Along with higher saline-alkali stress, the leaf relative water content (RWC) started to decrease only from high stress, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves decreased continuously, and the contents of proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) increased compared with control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants were increased positively with the accumulation of superoxide anion (O 2 •– ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). For instance, the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle was enhanced in T. chinensis seedling leaves subject to saline-alkali stress. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that MDA, Pro, SS, SP, H 2 O 2 , O 2 •– , and GSH are important indexes to evaluate the response and tolerance of T. chinensis to saline-alkali stress. Through RNA-Seq, a total of 474 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in plant under low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1) vs . control. Among them, 364 genes were up-regulated and 110 genes were down-regulated. DEGs were extensively enriched in carbohydrate transport, transferase activity, zeatin biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and spliceosome. The transcription factor family MYB, BZIP, WRKY, and NAC were related to its saline-alkali tolerance. In addition, some DEGs encode key enzymes in the processes of osmoregulation and antioxidation, including betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), inositol monophosphatase (IMP), chloroperoxidase (CPO), thioredoxin (Trx), and germin-like protein (GLPs) were found. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the physiological changes and molecular mechanism of T. chinensis to saline-alkali stress and lay a foundation for application of T. chinensis in saline-alkali environment.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf relative water content of Trollius chinensis decreased only under high saline-alkali stress.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensis
Trollius chinensist0 - Treatment
- higher saline-alkali stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- only from high stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e0“Along with higher saline-alkali stress, the leaf relative water content (RWC) started to decrease only from high stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf MDA content of Trollius chinensis decreased continuously with increasing saline-alkali stress.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Treatment
- saline-alkali stresse1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leavese2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e1“Along with higher saline-alkali stress”
e2“the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves decreased continuously”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of Trollius chinensis increased compared with control under saline-alkali stress.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Treatment
- saline-alkali stresse1
- Outcome
- contents of proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e1“Along with higher saline-alkali stress”
e3“the contents of proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) increased compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant contents of Trollius chinensis increased positively with superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide accumulation.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Compound
- hydrogen peroxidee4
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidantse4
- Direction
- increased positivelye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e4“The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants were increased positively with the accumulation of superoxide anion (O 2 •– ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle is enhanced in Trollius chinensis seedling leaves under saline-alkali stress.
- Taxon
- T. chinensisTrollius chinensise5
- Treatment
- saline-alkali stresse5
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cyclee5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e5“the ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle was enhanced in T. chinensis seedling leaves subject to saline-alkali stress”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA, proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and GSH are important indexes for evaluating saline-alkali tolerance of Trollius chinensis.
- Taxon
- T. chinensisTrollius chinensise6
- Outcome
- important indexes to evaluate the response and tolerancee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e6“are important indexes to evaluate the response and tolerance of T. chinensis to saline-alkali stress”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA-Seq found 474 differentially expressed genes in Trollius chinensis under low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM) compared with control.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Treatment
- low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1)e7
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e7
- Value
- 474e7
- Comparator
- controle7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e7“a total of 474 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in plant under low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1) vs . control”
Claim · model-written summary
364 genes were up-regulated in Trollius chinensis under low saline-alkaline stress compared with control.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Treatment
- low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1)e7
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e7
- Direction
- up-regulatede6
- Value
- 364 genese6
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e7“a total of 474 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in plant under low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1) vs . control”
e6“Among them, 364 genes were up-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
110 genes were down-regulated in Trollius chinensis under low saline-alkaline stress compared with control.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Treatment
- low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1)e7
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e7
- Direction
- down-regulatede6
- Value
- 110 genese6
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e7“a total of 474 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in plant under low saline-alkaline stress (40 mM, MSA1) vs . control”
e6“110 genes were down-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
DEGs in Trollius chinensis under saline-alkaline stress are enriched in carbohydrate transport, transferase activity and zeatin biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate transport, transferase activity, zeatin biosynthesise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e1“DEGs were extensively enriched in carbohydrate transport, transferase activity, zeatin biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and spliceosome”
Claim · model-written summary
DEGs in Trollius chinensis under saline-alkaline stress are enriched in ABC transporters and spliceosome.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Outcome
- ABC transporters, and spliceosomee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e1“DEGs were extensively enriched in carbohydrate transport, transferase activity, zeatin biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and spliceosome”
Claim · model-written summary
The MYB, bZIP, WRKY and NAC transcription factor families are related to saline-alkali tolerance of Trollius chinensis.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Gene
- MYB, BZIP, WRKY, and NACe1
- Outcome
- saline-alkali tolerancee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e1“The transcription factor family MYB, BZIP, WRKY, and NAC were related to its saline-alkali tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Some DEGs of Trollius chinensis encode betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, inositol monophosphatase and chloroperoxidase, key enzymes of osmoregulation and antioxidation.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Gene
- betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), inositol monophosphatase (IMP), chloroperoxidase (CPO)e1
- Outcome
- key enzymes in the processes of osmoregulation and antioxidatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e1“some DEGs encode key enzymes in the processes of osmoregulation and antioxidation, including betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), inositol monophosphatase (IMP), chloroperoxidase (CPO), thioredoxin (Trx), and germin-like protein (GLPs) were found”
Claim · model-written summary
Some DEGs of Trollius chinensis encode thioredoxin and germin-like protein, key enzymes of osmoregulation and antioxidation.
- Taxon
- Trollius chinensisTrollius chinensist0
- Gene
- thioredoxin (Trx), and germin-like protein (GLPs)e1
- Outcome
- key enzymes in the processes of osmoregulation and antioxidatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Trollius chinensis seedlings”
e1“some DEGs encode key enzymes in the processes of osmoregulation and antioxidation, including betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), inositol monophosphatase (IMP), chloroperoxidase (CPO), thioredoxin (Trx), and germin-like protein (GLPs) were found”