Abstract
Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is the most important region for grain production in China. In this area, long-term rotary tillage in winter wheat and no tillage in summer maize have significantly increased soil bulk density, which impede maize root growth and reduce the grain yield. Subsoiling tillage is an effective practice to improve soil properties and crop growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the integrated effects of subsoiling tillage in both winter wheat and summer maize seasons on soil bulk density, maize root growth and spatial distribution. A two-year field experiment was conducted in winter wheat–summer maize rotation system. Tillage treatments included rotary tillage (RT) and subsoiling tillage (ST) in wheat season, and no tillage (NT), inter–row subsoiling tillage (STIR), and on–row subsoiling tillage (STOR) in maize season. It was found that in the second year, i.e., in 2018, ST decreased soil bulk density by 3.87% and increased porosity by 5.86% at 30–40 cm soil depth at maize maturity. Meanwhile, maize root length density at 40–50 cm depth increased by 30.00% and grain yield increased by 4.70% under ST. In maize season tillage treatments, STOR decreased soil bulk density by 4.52% and increased soil porosity by 6.96% at 20–30 cm soil depth. Compared with NT, the STOR significantly increased maize root length density at 20–30 cm soil depth by 78.45%, and increased root length density in a horizontal area 0–10 cm for both years, with a significant increase of 58.89% in 2018. Therefore, this study demonstrated that in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, which has a tidal soil type, subsoiling tillage in winter wheat season and on–row subsoiling tillage in maize season can loosen the soil and improve vertical extension of maize root system in the soil.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-season subsoiling decreased soil bulk density at 30–40 cm at maize maturity in 2018 by 3.87%.
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3.87%e0
- Qualifier
- 30–40 cm soil depth at maize maturitye0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ST decreased soil bulk density by 3.87% and increased porosity by 5.86% at 30–40 cm soil depth at maize maturity”
t0“Maize Root Distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-season subsoiling increased soil porosity at 30–40 cm at maize maturity in 2018 by 5.86%.
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- porositye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.86%e0
- Qualifier
- 30–40 cm soil depth at maize maturitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ST decreased soil bulk density by 3.87% and increased porosity by 5.86% at 30–40 cm soil depth at maize maturity”
t0“Maize Root Distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-season subsoiling increased maize root length density at 40–50 cm by 30.00%.
- Treatment
- STe0
- Outcome
- maize root length densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.00%e0
- Qualifier
- 40–50 cm depthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize root length density at 40–50 cm depth increased by 30.00% and grain yield increased by 4.70% under ST”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-season subsoiling increased grain yield by 4.70%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize root length density at 40–50 cm depth increased by 30.00% and grain yield increased by 4.70% under ST”
t0“Maize Root Distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
On-row subsoiling in maize season decreased soil bulk density at 20–30 cm by 4.52%.
- Treatment
- STORe0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4.52%e0
- Qualifier
- 20–30 cm soil depthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STOR decreased soil bulk density by 4.52% and increased soil porosity by 6.96% at 20–30 cm soil depth”
t0“Maize Root Distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
On-row subsoiling in maize season increased soil porosity at 20–30 cm by 6.96%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STOR decreased soil bulk density by 4.52% and increased soil porosity by 6.96% at 20–30 cm soil depth”
t0“Maize Root Distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with no tillage, on-row subsoiling significantly increased maize root length density at 20–30 cm by 78.45%.
- Treatment
- STORe0
- Outcome
- maize root length densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.45%e0
- Qualifier
- 20–30 cm soil depthe0
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with NT, the STOR significantly increased maize root length density at 20–30 cm soil depth by 78.45%”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with no tillage, on-row subsoiling increased maize root length density at horizontal 0–10 cm in both years, significantly by 58.89% in 2018.
- Treatment
- STORe0
- Outcome
- root length densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58.89%e0
- Qualifier
- a horizontal area 0–10 cm for both yearse0
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with NT, the STOR significantly increased maize root length density at 20–30 cm soil depth by 78.45%, and increased root length density in a horizontal area 0–10 cm for both years, with a significant increase of 58.89% in 2018”
t0“Maize Root Distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that wheat-season subsoiling and maize-season on-row subsoiling can loosen soil and improve vertical maize root extension in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.
- Treatment
- subsoiling tillage in winter wheat season and on–row subsoiling tillage in maize seasone0
- Outcome
- improve vertical extension of maize root systeme0
- Setting
- Huang-Huai-Hai Plaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, which has a tidal soil type, subsoiling tillage in winter wheat season and on–row subsoiling tillage in maize season can loosen the soil and improve vertical extension of maize root system in the soil”
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