Abstract
Introduction Theobroma cacao , the cocoa tree, is a target for pathogens, such as fungi from the genera Phytophthora , Moniliophthora , Colletotrichum , Ceratocystis , among others. Some cacao pathogens are restricted to specific regions of the world, such as the Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in West African countries, while others are expanding geographically, such as Moniliophthora roreri in the Americas. M. roreri is one of the most threatening cacao pathogens since it directly attacks the cacao pods driving a significant reduction in production, and therefore economic losses. Despite its importance, the knowledge about the microenvironment of this pathogen and the cocoa pods is still poorly characterized. Methods Herein we performed RNA sequencing of spores in differential stages of culture in a medium supplemented with cacao pod extract and mycelium collected of the susceptible variety ICT 7121 naturally infected by the pathogen to evaluate the diversity and transcriptional activity of microorganisms associated with the in vitro sporulation of M. roreri . Results Our data revealed a great variety of fungi and bacteria associated with M. roreri , with an exceptional diversity of individuals from the genus Trichoderma sp. Interestingly, the dynamics of microorganisms from different kingdoms varied proportionally, suggesting they are somehow affected by M. roreri culture time. We also identified three sequences similar to viral genomes from the Narnaviridae family, posteriorly confirmed by phylogenetic analysis as members of the genus Narnavirus . Screening of M. roreri public datasets indicated the virus sequences circulating in samples from Ecuador, suggesting a wide spread of these elements. Of note, we did not identify traces of the viral sequences in the M. roreri genome or DNA sequencing, restricting the possibility of these sequences representing endogenized elements. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of viruses infecting the fungus of the genus Moniliophthora and only the third description of viruses that are able to parasite elements from the Marasmiaceae family.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
A great variety of fungi and bacteria was associated with M. roreri.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacao
Theobroma cacaoe0 - Interactor
- M. roreri
Moniliophthora rorerie1pathogen - Outcome
- great variety of fungi and bacteriae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Theobroma cacao , the cocoa tree”
e1“Our data revealed a great variety of fungi and bacteria associated with M. roreri”
Claim · model-written summary
An exceptional diversity of Trichoderma sp. individuals was associated with M. roreri.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp.
Trichodermae2other - Outcome
- exceptional diversity of individualse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Theobroma cacao , the cocoa tree”
e2“an exceptional diversity of individuals from the genus Trichoderma sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Microorganisms from different kingdoms varied proportionally with M. roreri culture time, suggesting they are affected by culture time.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Treatment
- culture timee3
- Interactor
- M. roreriMoniliophthora rorerie3pathogen
- Outcome
- dynamics of microorganisms from different kingdomse3
- Direction
- varied proportionallye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Theobroma cacao , the cocoa tree”
e3“the dynamics of microorganisms from different kingdoms varied proportionally, suggesting they are somehow affected by M. roreri culture time”
Claim · model-written summary
Three sequences similar to viral genomes from the Narnaviridae family were identified, confirmed as members of the genus Narnavirus.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Interactor
- NarnavirusNarnaviruse4other
- Outcome
- three sequences similar to viral genomese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Theobroma cacao , the cocoa tree”
e4“three sequences similar to viral genomes from the Narnaviridae family, posteriorly confirmed by phylogenetic analysis as members of the genus Narnavirus”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus sequences were circulating in M. roreri public datasets from Ecuador.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Interactor
- M. roreriMoniliophthora rorerie5pathogen
- Outcome
- virus sequences circulating in samplese5
- Setting
- Ecuadore5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Theobroma cacao , the cocoa tree”
e5“Screening of M. roreri public datasets indicated the virus sequences circulating in samples from Ecuador”
Claim · model-written summary
This is the first report of viruses infecting the fungus genus Moniliophthora.
- Taxon
- Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaoe0
- Interactor
- Moniliophthora
Moniliophthorae6host - Outcome
- first report of viruses infecting the funguse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Theobroma cacao , the cocoa tree”
e6“the first report of viruses infecting the fungus of the genus Moniliophthora”