Abstract
The molecular aspects of interaction between botanical extracts and plant cells through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades leading to the expression of defense genes are not well understood. The current study aims to better understand the role of dual-specific protein kinases in inducing defense gene expression in tomato as a result of aqueous neem fruit extract treatment.Staurosporine, Lavendustin A and K252a were used as kinase regulators which may modify the neem fruit extract induced MAPK cascades followed by defense gene expression in tomato plants. Tomato plants raised under aseptic conditions were treated either with neem fruit extract alone and pretreatment with either any one of the above kinase pathway inhibitors. Cytoplasmic defense proteins like PAL, TAL, and POX were studied for their activities and gene expression.. The differential reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) approach using mRNA extracted after treatment in all the groups was done for analyzing relative gene expression of PAL, POX and MAPKs, MAPKKs, MAPKKKs . The results demonstrated that neem fruit extract induced TAL and POX enzyme activities were inhibited by Staurosporine, Lavendustin A and K252a whereas PAL activities were inhibited by K252a only and superinduced by the pretreatment of Staurosporine or Lavendustin. Some of the neem fruit extract induced cytoplasmic and cell wall bound specific isoPOX proteins were inhibited by Lavendustin A / K252a, but Staurosporine could either inhibit / partially inhibit /superinduce them.. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that induction of gene expressions by neem treatment significantly inhibited the PAL, POX, all 3 MAPKs , all 3 MAPKKKs, MAPKK1, MAPKK2, MAPKK3, MAPKK5 in plants pretreated with Lavendustin A and K252a but not by Staurosporine. Since Staurosporine can both activate and inhibit serine/threonine kinases our results indicate that staurosporine pretreatment in tomato plants treated with neem fruit extract leads to inhibition of TAL, POX activity, partial inhibition of cytoplasmic POX proteins, superinduction of PAL activity, cytoplasmic and cell wall bound POX proteins, their genes and MAPK cascade gene expression. The involvement of tyrosine kinases was confirmed by the inhibition of MAPK 3, MAPKK s, defense gene and proteins by Lavendustin. Results indicate the expression of defense genes and enzymes in cytoplasm and cell wall by the neem fruit extract through the involvement of dual specific serine/threonine/Tyr (STY) kinases such as MAPK3, MAPKKs leading to establishment of signaling cascade. Proposed model of involvement of dual specific kinases (MAP kinases) mediated induction of signal transduction by neem fruit extract treatment in tomato plants. • Protein phosphorylation, tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine kinase play a critical role in the transduction of signal induced by neem fruit extract. • Lavendustin A and K252a inhibited the enzyme activities and gene expression of PAL, POX, MAPKs, MAPKKs, MAPKKKs. • Cytoplasmic and cell wall bound acidic and basic POXs were inhibited by Lavendustin A / K252a/ Staurosporine. • Staurosporine could super induce PAL, cytoplasmic and cell wall bound POX proteins, gene expression of PAL, POX and MAPKs, MAPKKs, MAPKKKs.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine, Lavendustin A and K252a inhibited neem-induced TAL and POX activity.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Staurosporine, Lavendustin A and K252ae0
- Outcome
- TAL and POX enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- neem fruit extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem fruit extract induced TAL and POX enzyme activities were inhibited by Staurosporine, Lavendustin A and K252a”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
K252a inhibited neem-induced PAL activity.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K252ae0
- Outcome
- PAL activitiese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAL activities were inhibited by K252a only”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine or Lavendustin pretreatment superinduced PAL activity.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pretreatment of Staurosporine or Lavendustine0
- Outcome
- PAL activitiese1
- Direction
- superinducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superinduced by the pretreatment of Staurosporine or Lavendustin”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e1“PAL activities were inhibited by K252a only”
Claim · model-written summary
Lavendustin A or K252a inhibited some neem-induced POX isoforms.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Lavendustin A / K252ae0
- Outcome
- cytoplasmic and cell wall bound specific isoPOX proteinse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some of the neem fruit extract induced cytoplasmic and cell wall bound specific isoPOX proteins were inhibited by Lavendustin A / K252a”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine had variable effects on POX isoforms.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Staurosporinee0
- Outcome
- theme0
- Direction
- inhibit / partially inhibit /superinducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Staurosporine could either inhibit / partially inhibit /superinduce them”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lavendustin A and K252a significantly inhibited neem-induced defense and MAPK cascade gene expression.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Lavendustin A and K252ae0
- Outcome
- gene expressionse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- neem treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induction of gene expressions by neem treatment significantly inhibited the PAL, POX, all 3 MAPKs , all 3 MAPKKKs, MAPKK1, MAPKK2, MAPKK3, MAPKK5 in plants pretreated with Lavendustin A and K252a”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine did not inhibit neem-induced expression of the assayed genes.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Staurosporinee0
- Outcome
- gene expressionse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not by Staurosporine”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
e1“induction of gene expressions by neem treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Lavendustin inhibition implicates tyrosine kinases in tomato defense signaling.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- defense gene and proteinse0
- Qualifier
- involvement of tyrosine kinasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The involvement of tyrosine kinases was confirmed by the inhibition of MAPK 3, MAPKK s, defense gene and proteins by Lavendustin”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem extract induced cytoplasmic and cell wall defense through dual specific kinases.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- neem fruit extracte0
- Gene
- MAPK3, MAPKKse0
- Outcome
- expression of defense genes and enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of defense genes and enzymes in cytoplasm and cell wall by the neem fruit extract through the involvement of dual specific serine/threonine/Tyr (STY) kinases such as MAPK3, MAPKKs”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
t1“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
The same questions in other papers
staurosporine · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.