Abstract
Abstract Rice being a staple food worldwide necessitates that its production be enhanced to meet the demands of the continuously increasing population. However, the productivity advantages associated with breeding programs have reached their maximum. The production plateau brought on is not due to a lack of genetic potential but rather is due to the inhibition of grain filling by ethylene produced in large quantities in the heavy‐panicle‐ and compact‐panicle‐type varieties developed thus far, as evidenced by the application of ethylene synthesis inhibitors and ethylene action blockers. The inhibition could be a result of the accumulation of HCN, a byproduct of ethylene biosynthesis. In addition, inhibition of grain filling by excessive amounts of ethylene may also be the result of enhanced synthesis/expression of rice starch regulator 1, an ethylene‐responsive element binding protein that inhibits expression of the genes encoding type I starch‐biosynthesizing enzymes. In the past decade, miRNAs have also been found to inhibit grain filling by targeting starch‐biosynthesizing enzymes and the transcription factors required for their expression. Hence, biotechnological interventions should be designed to (1) decrease ethylene production and CN − accumulation and (2) downregulate/knockdown the expression of miRNAs unfavorable to grain filling in a spikelet/seed‐specific manner to enhance rice production.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
The review attributes inhibition of rice grain filling in heavy- and compact-panicle varieties to high ethylene production.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- heavy‐panicle‐ and compact‐panicle‐type varietiese0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- inhibition of grain fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of grain filling by ethylene produced in large quantities in the heavy‐panicle‐ and compact‐panicle‐type varieties”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The review proposes HCN accumulation as a possible cause of inhibited grain filling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- HCNe0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition could be a result of the accumulation of HCN, a byproduct of ethylene biosynthesis.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess ethylene may inhibit grain filling through rice starch regulator 1 and reduced expression of starch biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- rice starch regulator 1e0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- inhibition of grain fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of grain filling by excessive amounts of ethylene may also be the result of enhanced synthesis/expression of rice starch regulator 1, an ethylene‐responsive element binding protein that inhibits expression of the genes encoding type I starch‐biosynthesizing enzymes.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The review reports that miRNAs inhibit grain filling by targeting starch biosynthetic enzymes and their transcription factors.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- miRNAse0
- Outcome
- inhibit grain fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“miRNAs have also been found to inhibit grain filling by targeting starch‐biosynthesizing enzymes and the transcription factors required for their expression.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend reducing ethylene production and CN− accumulation and suppressing unfavorable miRNAs in spikelets or seeds to enhance rice production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- enhance rice productione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decrease ethylene production and CN − accumulation”
e1“downregulate/knockdown the expression of miRNAs unfavorable to grain filling in a spikelet/seed‐specific manner to enhance rice production.”
t0“rice”