Abstract
Nitrogen is a vital element for soil fertility and crop productivity. The transformation of nitrogen is directly affected by tillage practices for the disturbing soil. The characteristics of different nitrogen forms under different tillage modes are still unclear. A 3-year cycle tillage experiment was carried out to assess the combination of rotary tillage (RT), deep tillage (DT), and shallow rotary tillage (SRT) on nitrogen transformation and distribution, wheat yield and nitrogen balance in fluvo-aquic soil from Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China. The results showed the rotation tillage cycle with deep tillage in the first year increased the total nitrogen (TN), and the main nitrogen form content in 0–30 cm compared with continued rotary tillage (RT-RT-RT). Moreover, the nitrate (NO3−-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content were improved in 20–40 cm by deep tillage practice with the highest value as 39.88 mg kg−1 under DT-SRT-RT. The time, tillage, and depth significantly affected the different nitrogen forms, but there was no effect on dissolved organic carbon (DON) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) by the interaction of time and tillage. Moreover, compared with RT-RT-RT, the rotation tillage promoted the spike number and kernels per spike of wheat, further increasing the wheat yield and nitrogen partial productivity, and with a better effect under DT-SRT-RT. The NO3−-N and NH4+-N trended closer and positively correlated with wheat yield in 0–40 cm in 2019. The rotation tillage with deep tillage improved the different forms of nitrogen in 0–30 cm, wheat yield, and nitrogen partial productivity, and decreased the apparent nitrogen loss. It was suggested as the efficiency tillage practice to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in this area.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation tillage beginning with deep tillage increased total nitrogen and main nitrogen form content at 0–30 cm relative to continued rotary tillage.
- Treatment
- rotation tillage cycle with deep tillage in the first yeare0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen (TN), and the main nitrogen form contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0–30 cme0
- Comparator
- continued rotary tillage (RT-RT-RT)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The results showed the rotation tillage cycle with deep tillage in the first year increased the total nitrogen (TN), and the main nitrogen form content in 0–30 cm compared with continued rotary tillage (RT-RT-RT).”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage improved nitrate content at 20–40 cm.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the nitrate (NO3−-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content were improved in 20–40 cm by deep tillage practice with the highest value as 39.88 mg kg−1 under DT-SRT-RT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage improved ammonium nitrogen content at 20–40 cm, with the reported highest value of 39.88 mg kg−1 under DT-SRT-RT.
- Treatment
- deep tillage practicee0
- Outcome
- ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 39.88 mg kg−1e0
- Qualifier
- 20–40 cme0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Schema note from the model: The abstract does not clearly assign the highest value to nitrate or ammonium.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the nitrate (NO3−-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content were improved in 20–40 cm by deep tillage practice with the highest value as 39.88 mg kg−1 under DT-SRT-RT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Time, tillage and depth significantly affected nitrogen forms.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The time, tillage, and depth significantly affected the different nitrogen forms”
Claim · model-written summary
Time-by-tillage interaction had no effect on DON or soil microbial biomass nitrogen.
- Treatment
- interaction of time and tillagee0
- Outcome
- dissolved organic carbon (DON) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN)e0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“there was no effect on dissolved organic carbon (DON) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) by the interaction of time and tillage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation tillage increased wheat spike number and kernels per spike relative to RT-RT-RT.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- rotation tillagee0
- Outcome
- spike number and kernels per spikee0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- better effect under DT-SRT-RTe0
- Comparator
- RT-RT-RTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, compared with RT-RT-RT, the rotation tillage promoted the spike number and kernels per spike of wheat, further increasing the wheat yield and nitrogen partial productivity, and with a better effect under DT-SRT-RT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation tillage increased wheat yield and nitrogen partial productivity, with better effects under DT-SRT-RT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotation tillagee0
- Outcome
- wheat yield and nitrogen partial productivitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- better effect under DT-SRT-RTe0
- Comparator
- RT-RT-RTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, compared with RT-RT-RT, the rotation tillage promoted the spike number and kernels per spike of wheat, further increasing the wheat yield and nitrogen partial productivity, and with a better effect under DT-SRT-RT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen were positively correlated with wheat yield at 0–40 cm in 2019.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Compound
- NO3−-N and NH4+-Ne0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- 0–40 cm in 2019e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NO3−-N and NH4+-N trended closer and positively correlated with wheat yield in 0–40 cm in 2019.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep rotation tillage decreased apparent nitrogen loss.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The rotation tillage with deep tillage improved the different forms of nitrogen in 0–30 cm, wheat yield, and nitrogen partial productivity, and decreased the apparent nitrogen loss.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend deep rotation tillage to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in the area.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- rotation tillage with deep tillagee1
- Outcome
- improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop yielde0
- Setting
- Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was suggested as the efficiency tillage practice to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in this area.”
e1“The rotation tillage with deep tillage”
e2“wheat yield and nitrogen balance in fluvo-aquic soil from Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China”
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