Abstract
A mixture of controlled-release urea and normal urea (CRUNU) is an efficient nitrogen (N) fertilizer type, but little is known about its effects on stem lodging resistance, grain yield, and yield stability of wheat. In this study, a 4-year field experiment (from 2017 to 2021) was conducted to analyze the effects of N fertilizer types (CRUNU and normal urea (NU)) and application rates (low level (L): 135 kg ha-1, medium level (M): 180 kg ha-1 and high level (H): 225 kg ha-1) on population lodging resistance, basal internode strength, lignin content and synthetase activity, stem lodging resistance, grain yield, and yield stability of wheat. Our results showed that the two N fertilizer types had the highest lodging rate under high N application rates, and the M-CRUNU treatment showed the lowest lodging rate. Compared with NU, CRUNU improved the wheat population lodging resistance under the three N application rates, which was mainly related to the improvement in wheat population characteristics and breaking strength of the second basal internode. Correlation analysis showed that the breaking strength of the second basal internode was related to the physical characteristics, chemical components, and micro-structure of the internode. Compared with NU, CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 4.47, 14.62 and 3.12% under low, medium and high N application rates, respectively. In addition, CRUNU showed no significant difference in grain yield under medium and high N application rates, but it presented the highest yield stability under medium N application rate. In summary, CRUNU combined with medium N application rate is an efficient agronomic management strategy for wheat production.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
CRUNU improved wheat population lodging resistance under the three N application rates compared with NU.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- CRUNUe1
- Outcome
- population lodging resistancee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- under the three N application ratese1
- Comparator
- NUe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NU, CRUNU improved the wheat population lodging resistance under the three N application rates, which was mainly related to the improvement in wheat population characteristics and breaking strength of the second basal internode”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat population lodging resistance improvement under CRUNU was mainly related to population characteristics and breaking strength of the second basal internode.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- second basal internodee1
- Treatment
- CRUNUe1
- Outcome
- population lodging resistancee1
- Qualifier
- mainly related toe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with NU, CRUNU improved the wheat population lodging resistance under the three N application rates, which was mainly related to the improvement in wheat population characteristics and breaking strength of the second basal internode”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest lodging rate occurred under high N application rates for both N fertilizer types.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high N application ratese2
- Outcome
- lodging ratee2
- Direction
- higheste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce wheat stem lodging risk”
e2“the two N fertilizer types had the highest lodging rate under high N application rates”
Claim · model-written summary
The M-CRUNU treatment had the lowest lodging rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- M-CRUNU treatmente3
- Outcome
- lodging ratee3
- Direction
- loweste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce wheat stem lodging risk”
e3“the M-CRUNU treatment showed the lowest lodging rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Breaking strength of the second basal internode was related to internode physical characteristics, chemical components and micro-structure; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- second basal internodee4
- Outcome
- breaking strength of the second basal internodee4
- Qualifier
- physical characteristics, chemical components, and micro-structure of the internodee4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce wheat stem lodging risk”
e4“the breaking strength of the second basal internode was related to the physical characteristics, chemical components, and micro-structure of the internode”
Claim · model-written summary
CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 4.47% under low N application rate compared with NU.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- CRUNUe5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 4.47e5
- Qualifier
- lowe5
- Comparator
- NUe5
- Setting
- 4-year field experiment (from 2017 to 2021)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Compared with NU, CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 4.47, 14.62 and 3.12% under low, medium and high N application rates, respectively”
e6“a 4-year field experiment (from 2017 to 2021)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 14.62% under medium N application rate compared with NU.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- CRUNUe5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 14.62e5
- Qualifier
- mediume5
- Comparator
- NUe5
- Setting
- 4-year field experiment (from 2017 to 2021)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Compared with NU, CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 4.47, 14.62 and 3.12% under low, medium and high N application rates, respectively”
e6“a 4-year field experiment (from 2017 to 2021)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 3.12% under high N application rate compared with NU.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- CRUNUe5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 3.12e5
- Qualifier
- highe5
- Comparator
- NUe5
- Setting
- 4-year field experiment (from 2017 to 2021)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Compared with NU, CRUNU significantly increased wheat grain yield by 4.47, 14.62 and 3.12% under low, medium and high N application rates, respectively”
e6“a 4-year field experiment (from 2017 to 2021)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRUNU showed no significant difference in wheat grain yield under medium and high N application rates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CRUNUe7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- no significant differencee7
- Qualifier
- under medium and high N application ratese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce wheat stem lodging risk”
e7“CRUNU showed no significant difference in grain yield under medium and high N application rates”
Claim · model-written summary
CRUNU under medium N application rate presented the highest wheat yield stability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium N application ratee0
- Outcome
- yield stabilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce wheat stem lodging risk”
e0“it presented the highest yield stability under medium N application rate”
Claim · model-written summary
CRUNU combined with medium N application rate is an efficient agronomic management strategy for wheat production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- efficient agronomic management strategye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRUNU combined with medium N application rate is an efficient agronomic management strategy for wheat production”
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