Abstract
Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6214 to 11562 kg ha-1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11562 kg ha-1), SOC (20.88 g kg-1), TN (2.30 g kg-1), TP (0.95 g kg-1), TK (22.50 g kg-1) and AP (38.94 mg kg-1) concentrations were highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg-1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg-1) were highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration were significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with manure was required.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Annual rice yields across treatments ranged from 6214 to 11562 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- annual average yieldse0
- Value
- 6214 to 11562 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6214 to 11562 kg ha-1.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM raised yield 22.58% above NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NPKMe0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment.”
t0“rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
NPM raised yield 15.35% above NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NPMe0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment.”
t0“rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
NKM raised yield 10.53% above NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NKMe0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment.”
t0“rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
PKM raised yield 4.41% above NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PKMe0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 4.41%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment.”
t0“rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic and inorganic fertilizer raised soil organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, and available potassium relative to NPK.
- Treatment
- long-term organic and inorganic treatmente0
- Outcome
- Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic plus inorganic N and P raised soil total and available phosphorus over NPK.
- Treatment
- organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic fertilizer alonee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments).”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM had the highest annual rice yield at 11562 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NPKM treatmente0
- Outcome
- average annual rice yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11562 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average annual rice yield (11562 kg ha-1), SOC (20.88 g kg-1), TN (2.30 g kg-1), TP (0.95 g kg-1), TK (22.50 g kg-1) and AP (38.94 mg kg-1) concentrations were highest in the NPKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM had the highest soil organic carbon at 20.88 g kg-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The average annual rice yield (11562 kg ha-1), SOC (20.88 g kg-1), TN (2.30 g kg-1), TP (0.95 g kg-1), TK (22.50 g kg-1) and AP (38.94 mg kg-1) concentrations were highest in the NPKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM had the highest soil total nitrogen at 2.30 g kg-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The average annual rice yield (11562 kg ha-1), SOC (20.88 g kg-1), TN (2.30 g kg-1), TP (0.95 g kg-1), TK (22.50 g kg-1) and AP (38.94 mg kg-1) concentrations were highest in the NPKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM had the highest soil total phosphorus at 0.95 g kg-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The average annual rice yield (11562 kg ha-1), SOC (20.88 g kg-1), TN (2.30 g kg-1), TP (0.95 g kg-1), TK (22.50 g kg-1) and AP (38.94 mg kg-1) concentrations were highest in the NPKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM had the highest soil total potassium at 22.50 g kg-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The average annual rice yield (11562 kg ha-1), SOC (20.88 g kg-1), TN (2.30 g kg-1), TP (0.95 g kg-1), TK (22.50 g kg-1) and AP (38.94 mg kg-1) concentrations were highest in the NPKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPKM had the highest soil available phosphorus at 38.94 mg kg-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The average annual rice yield (11562 kg ha-1), SOC (20.88 g kg-1), TN (2.30 g kg-1), TP (0.95 g kg-1), TK (22.50 g kg-1) and AP (38.94 mg kg-1) concentrations were highest in the NPKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NKM had the highest soil available nitrogen at 152.40 mg kg-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg-1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg-1) were highest in the NKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
NKM had the highest soil available potassium at 151.00 mg kg-1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg-1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg-1) were highest in the NKM treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
N and P application produced soil nutrient surplus, which NPKM reduced.
- Treatment
- NPKM treatmente0
- Outcome
- surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soils under every treatment were deficient in potassium.
- Outcome
- deficient in potassiume0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen correlated significantly with rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- SOC, TNe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration were significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Available nitrogen and total and available phosphorus correlated significantly with rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- AN, TP, and APe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration were significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded balanced N, P and K with manure was required.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- balanced application of N, P, and K with manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“balanced application of N, P, and K with manure was required.”
t0“rice yield”
The same questions in other papers
phosphorus · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
141 papers in the same direction as this paper · 25 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
164 papers more in this group
See all 168 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
408 papers in the same direction as this paper · 52 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
460 papers more in this group
See all 464 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
931 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
989 papers more in this group
See all 993 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.