Abstract
Time to flowering (vegetative to reproductive phase) is tightly regulated by endogenous factors and environmental cues to ensure proper and successful reproduction. How endogenous factors coordinate with environmental signals to regulate flowering time in plants is unclear. Transcription factors ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3) and its homolog EIN3 LIKE 1 (EIL1) are the core downstream regulators in ethylene signal transduction, and their null mutants exhibit late flowering in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana); however, the precise mechanism of floral transition remains unknown. Here, we reveal that FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD), encoding a histone demethylase acting in the autonomous pathway of floral transition, physically associates with EIN3 and EIL1. Loss of EIN3 and EIL1 upregulated transcriptional expression of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and its homologs in Arabidopsis, and ethylene-insensitive mutants displayed inhibited flowering in an FLC-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that EIN3 and EIL1 directly bind to FLC loci, modulating their expression by recruiting FLD and thereafter removing di-methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me2). In plants treated with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, decreased expression of FLD resulted in increased enrichment of H3K4me2 at FLC loci and transcriptional activation of FLC, leading to floral repression. Our study reveals the role of EIN3 and EIL1 in FLC-dependent and ethylene-induced floral repression and elucidates how phytohormone signals are transduced into chromatin-based transcriptional regulation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
FLD physically associates with EIN3 and EIL1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Gene
- FLDe0
- Outcome
- physically associates with EIN3 and EIL1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD), encoding a histone demethylase acting in the autonomous pathway of floral transition, physically associates with EIN3 and EIL1”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of EIN3 and EIL1 increased FLC and homolog transcription in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Loss of EIN3 and EIL1e0
- Gene
- EIN3 and EIL1e0
- Outcome
- transcriptional expression of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and its homologse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss of EIN3 and EIL1 upregulated transcriptional expression of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and its homologs in Arabidopsis”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene-insensitive mutants showed FLC-dependent flowering inhibition.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- ethylene-insensitive mutantse0
- Gene
- FLCe0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethylene-insensitive mutants displayed inhibited flowering in an FLC-dependent manner”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
EIN3 and EIL1 bind FLC loci directly.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- EIN3 and EIL1e0
- Outcome
- bind to FLC locie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EIN3 and EIL1 directly bind to FLC loci”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
EIN3 and EIL1 recruit FLD and remove H3K4me2 to modulate FLC expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLDe0
- Outcome
- removing di-methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modulating their expression by recruiting FLD and thereafter removing di-methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me2)”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC-treated plants had decreased FLD expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acide0
- Gene
- FLDe0
- Outcome
- expression of FLDe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In plants treated with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, decreased expression of FLD resulted in increased enrichment of H3K4me2 at FLC loci and transcriptional activation of FLC, leading to floral repression”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreased FLD expression increased H3K4me2 enrichment at FLC loci.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLDe0
- Outcome
- enrichment of H3K4me2 at FLC locie0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased expression of FLD resulted in increased enrichment of H3K4me2 at FLC loci”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreased FLD expression activated FLC transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLDe0
- Outcome
- transcriptional activation of FLCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased expression of FLD resulted in increased enrichment of H3K4me2 at FLC loci and transcriptional activation of FLC”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
FLC activation led to floral repression under ACC treatment.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLCe0
- Outcome
- floral repressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcriptional activation of FLC, leading to floral repression”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
The same questions in other papers
ethene · phenology · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.