Abstract
The germination of soybean ( Glycine max L.) seeds is critically affected by abiotic stresses which resulting in decreasing crop growth and yield. However; little is known about the physiological mechanisms of germination and the potential role of melatonin on soybean seed germination under drought, salt, cold, and heat stresses. Therefore, the current study investigated the possible effects of melatonin to enhance germination indices and other physiological attributes by alleviating the harmful impacts of these stresses during germination. Seeds of soybean were pre-treated (seed priming) with melatonin at MT1 (20 μmol L -1 ), MT2 (50 μmol L -1 ), MT3 (100 μmol L -1 ), MT4 (200 μmol L -1 ), and MT5 (300 μmol L -1 ) and exposed to the four stresses (drought at PEG 15%, salt at 150mM, cold at 10 °C, and heat at 30 °C) . It was noted that MT1 (20 μmol L -1 ), MT2 (50 μmol L -1 ), and MT3 (100 μmol L -1 ) remarkably improved the germination potential, germination rate, radical length, and biomass under given stresses. Furthermore, MT1, MT2, and MT3 progressively increased the proline to minimize the impact of drought, salt, cold, and heat stresses. In addition, all stresses significantly induced oxidative damage however, salt (150 mM NaCl) and heat (30 °C) stresses highly increased the malondialdehyde content (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as compared to drought (PEG 15%) and cold (10 °C) stresses. Moreover, MT2 and MT3 significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to reduce the oxidative damage in soybean seeds during the germination. Overall, melatonin at 50 μmol L -1 and 100 μmol L -1 considerably mitigated the harmful impacts of drought, salt, cold, and heat stress by enhancing germination and other physiological mechanisms of soybean. This study could provide bases to enhance the melatonin-mediated tolerance of soybean and other related crops at early growth stages when exposed to abiotic stresses.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin at 20 μmol L -1 improved germination potential, germination rate, radical length and biomass under the stresses.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- MT1 (20 μmol L -1)e0
- Outcome
- germination potential, germination rate, radical length, and biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under given stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“MT1 (20 μmol L -1 ), MT2 (50 μmol L -1 ), and MT3 (100 μmol L -1 ) remarkably improved the germination potential, germination rate, radical length, and biomass under given stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin at 50 μmol L -1 improved germination potential, germination rate, radical length and biomass under the stresses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MT2 (50 μmol L -1)e0
- Outcome
- germination potential, germination rate, radical length, and biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under given stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“MT1 (20 μmol L -1 ), MT2 (50 μmol L -1 ), and MT3 (100 μmol L -1 ) remarkably improved the germination potential, germination rate, radical length, and biomass under given stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin at 100 μmol L -1 improved germination potential, germination rate, radical length and biomass under the stresses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MT3 (100 μmol L -1)e0
- Outcome
- germination potential, germination rate, radical length, and biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under given stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“MT1 (20 μmol L -1 ), MT2 (50 μmol L -1 ), and MT3 (100 μmol L -1 ) remarkably improved the germination potential, germination rate, radical length, and biomass under given stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
MT1 increased proline under abiotic stresses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MT1e0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- drought, salt, cold, and heat stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“MT1, MT2, and MT3 progressively increased the proline to minimize the impact of drought, salt, cold, and heat stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
MT2 increased proline under abiotic stresses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MT2e0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- drought, salt, cold, and heat stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“MT1, MT2, and MT3 progressively increased the proline to minimize the impact of drought, salt, cold, and heat stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
MT3 increased proline under abiotic stresses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MT3e0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- drought, salt, cold, and heat stressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“MT1, MT2, and MT3 progressively increased the proline to minimize the impact of drought, salt, cold, and heat stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested stresses induced oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- all stressese0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“all stresses significantly induced oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
salt (150 mM NaCl) increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide relative to drought and cold.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- salt (150 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde content (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- drought (PEG 15%) and cold (10 °C) stressese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“salt (150 mM NaCl) and heat (30 °C) stresses highly increased the malondialdehyde content (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as compared to drought (PEG 15%) and cold (10 °C) stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
heat (30 °C) increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide relative to drought and cold.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- heat (30 °C)e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde content (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- drought (PEG 15%) and cold (10 °C) stressese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e0“salt (150 mM NaCl) and heat (30 °C) stresses highly increased the malondialdehyde content (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as compared to drought (PEG 15%) and cold (10 °C) stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
MT2 enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity in germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- soybean seedse0
- Treatment
- MT2e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT2 and MT3 significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to reduce the oxidative damage in soybean seeds during the germination”
Claim · model-written summary
MT2 enhanced peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- soybean seedse0
- Treatment
- MT2e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT2 and MT3 significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to reduce the oxidative damage in soybean seeds during the germination”
Claim · model-written summary
MT3 enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity in germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- soybean seedse0
- Treatment
- MT3e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT2 and MT3 significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to reduce the oxidative damage in soybean seeds during the germination”
Claim · model-written summary
MT3 enhanced peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- soybean seedse0
- Treatment
- MT3e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT2 and MT3 significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to reduce the oxidative damage in soybean seeds during the germination”
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