Abstract
Water scarcity severely impacts agricultural productivity and quality in arid and semi–arid regions. Specific elicitors like plant growth regulators (PGRs) and bio–stimulants as well as deficit irrigation (DI) practices have been put forward to alleviate the effect of resultant water stress and enhance crop productivity. Hence, a field experiment was conducted for two years (2020–2022) to elucidate the effects of PGRs and bio–stimulants of organic and chemical origins under variable deficit irrigation levels on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), a major crop grown in the semi–arid region of peninsular India. Treatments included combinations of the foliar sprays with PGRs i.e. irradiated chitosan (IC, 5 ml L–1), sea weed extracts (SWE, 5 ml L–1), thio–urea (TU, 600 ppm), salicylic acid (SA, 20 µM), bacterial biopolymer (BP, 5 ml L–1) along with control (no PGR) and DI levels i.e. equalling 100 %, 75 %, 50 % and 25 % of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Irrigation levels were maintained using line source sprinkler (LSS) system. Reductions in pod yield (PY) and above ground biomass (AGB) ranged between 12 and 83 and 20–79 % with DI of 0.75–0.25 ETc. Exogenous foliar application of PGRs improved plant growth, physiological traits and thereby increased PY by 6.1–19.2 %. Beneficial role of PGRs for mitigating water stress was associated with cooler canopy temperatures, maintenance of higher leaf relative water content by modulating stomatal conductance, enhanced plant vigour and photosynthetically active surface. The lower values of yield response factors viz., KSWE ≤ 1 with SWE further indicated increased tolerance of okra to water stress. The maximum crop water productivity (CWP) was 3.43–3.79 kg m–3 with PGRs as compared with 3.32 kg m–3 without PGR. Especially PGRs of organic origin (SWE and IC) were more effective under medium to severe water stress conditions. The response to BP, bio-stimulant of bacterial origin was almost at par with SA. DI reduced physical quality attributes such as mean pod weight and pod length but firmness and seed/peel ratio got improved; the maximum being with 75 % ETc. Improved rehydration quality and higher accumulation of total soluble solids, dry matter, protein, total phenolics, and flavonoids that potentially affect enzymatic activity were monitored with PGRs. It is concluded that the exogenous foliar application of PGRs from organic origins such as SWE and IC in combination with low to moderate DI (50–75 % ETc) is optimal for improving production and post–harvest quality of okra grown in water–scarce areas of peninsular India.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced okra pod yield by 12–83%.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- DI of 0.75–0.25 ETce0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
- Value
- 12 and 83e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in pod yield (PY) and above ground biomass (AGB) ranged between 12 and 83 and 20–79 % with DI of 0.75–0.25 ETc”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced okra aboveground biomass by 20–79%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- DI of 0.75–0.25 ETce0
- Outcome
- above ground biomasse0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
- Value
- 20–79 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in pod yield (PY) and above ground biomass (AGB) ranged between 12 and 83 and 20–79 % with DI of 0.75–0.25 ETc”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar growth regulators increased okra pod yield by 6.1–19.2%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Exogenous foliar application of PGRse0
- Outcome
- PYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.1–19.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous foliar application of PGRs improved plant growth, physiological traits and thereby increased PY by 6.1–19.2 %”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar growth regulators improved okra growth and physiological traits.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Exogenous foliar application of PGRse0
- Outcome
- plant growth, physiological traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous foliar application of PGRs improved plant growth, physiological traits and thereby increased PY by 6.1–19.2 %”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators were associated with cooler canopies and higher leaf relative water content in water-stressed okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- canopy temperatures, maintenance of higher leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- coolere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beneficial role of PGRs for mitigating water stress was associated with cooler canopy temperatures, maintenance of higher leaf relative water content by modulating stomatal conductance, enhanced plant vigour and photosynthetically active surface”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract had a yield response factor no greater than one, indicating greater water-stress tolerance in okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SWEe0
- Outcome
- yield response factorse0
- Value
- KSWE ≤ 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower values of yield response factors viz., KSWE ≤ 1 with SWE further indicated increased tolerance of okra to water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators produced maximum okra crop water productivity of 3.43–3.79 kg m–3 compared with 3.32 kg m–3 without them.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- crop water productivitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3.43–3.79 kg m–3e0
- Qualifier
- 3.32 kg m–3e0
- Comparator
- without PGRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum crop water productivity (CWP) was 3.43–3.79 kg m–3 with PGRs as compared with 3.32 kg m–3 without PGR”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed extract was more effective under medium to severe water stress.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- SWEe0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- medium to severe water stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Especially PGRs of organic origin (SWE and IC) were more effective under medium to severe water stress conditions”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiated chitosan was more effective under medium to severe water stress.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- medium to severe water stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Especially PGRs of organic origin (SWE and IC) were more effective under medium to severe water stress conditions”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial biopolymer response was nearly equal to salicylic acid response in okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- BPe0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- almost at pare0
- Comparator
- SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response to BP, bio-stimulant of bacterial origin was almost at par with SA”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced okra pod weight and pod length.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- mean pod weight and pod lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI reduced physical quality attributes such as mean pod weight and pod length but firmness and seed/peel ratio got improved; the maximum being with 75 % ETc”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation improved okra pod firmness and seed-to-peel ratio, maximally at 75% ETc.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- firmness and seed/peel ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 75 % ETce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI reduced physical quality attributes such as mean pod weight and pod length but firmness and seed/peel ratio got improved; the maximum being with 75 % ETc”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators improved okra rehydration quality.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- rehydration qualitye0
- Direction
- Improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved rehydration quality and higher accumulation of total soluble solids, dry matter, protein, total phenolics, and flavonoids that potentially affect enzymatic activity were monitored with PGRs”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators increased okra soluble solids, dry matter and protein.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- total soluble solids, dry matter, proteine0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved rehydration quality and higher accumulation of total soluble solids, dry matter, protein, total phenolics, and flavonoids that potentially affect enzymatic activity were monitored with PGRs”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators increased okra total phenolics and flavonoids.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- PGRse0
- Outcome
- total phenolics, and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Improved rehydration quality and higher accumulation of total soluble solids, dry matter, protein, total phenolics, and flavonoids that potentially affect enzymatic activity were monitored with PGRs”
t0“okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend seaweed extract with 50–75% ETc irrigation to improve okra production and postharvest quality.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- SWEe0
- Outcome
- improving production and post–harvest qualitye0
- Setting
- peninsular Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that the exogenous foliar application of PGRs from organic origins such as SWE and IC in combination with low to moderate DI (50–75 % ETc) is optimal for improving production and post–harvest quality of okra grown in water–scarce areas of peninsular India”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend irradiated chitosan with 50–75% ETc irrigation to improve okra production and postharvest quality.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- improving production and post–harvest qualitye0
- Setting
- peninsular Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that the exogenous foliar application of PGRs from organic origins such as SWE and IC in combination with low to moderate DI (50–75 % ETc) is optimal for improving production and post–harvest quality of okra grown in water–scarce areas of peninsular India”
The same questions in other papers
class · quality: protein · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
class · growth · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →class · yield · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →irrigation · growth · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →irrigation · yield · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 48 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →application · growth · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
74 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
73 papers more in this group
See all 77 papers →application · yield · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
111 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
111 papers more in this group
See all 115 papers →irrigation · quality: postharvest · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.