Abstract
Excessive fertilization is associated with nutrient loss, soil compaction, and weak plant resistance. Straw returning can increase soil fertility with a consequent reduction in fertilizer, but the effects of fertilizer reduction coupled with straw returning on crop endophytic microbes and crop disease are poorly understood. Therefore, using metagenomic sequencing methods we investigated the responses of soil fertility, diversity, the function of root endophytic bacteria, and the occurrence of wheat crown rot due to the application of fertilizer (no, moderate and excessive fertilizer) coupled with or without straw returning after 7 years of treatments. The results showed that, after excessive fertilization, the wheat crown rot became severe, registering a disease index of 23. Compared with excessive fertilization, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning significantly reduced the incidence of wheat crown rot, the disease index was reduced by 38.50%, and the richness and diversity of endophytic bacteria were increased by 61.20 and 11.93%, respectively, but the soil fertility was not significantly affected. In addition, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning changed the community structure of endophytic bacteria and increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolism and nitrogen fixation-related genes by 4.72 and 9.32%, respectively. Our results indicated that fertilizer reduction coupled with straw returning reduced the occurrence of wheat crown rot, increased the diversity of endophytic bacteria, and changed the community structure and function of endophytic bacteria, which will provide a better understanding of the interaction of fertilization coupled with straw returning, endophytic bacteria and wheat crown rot.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Excess fertilization produced severe crown rot with disease index 23.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- excessive fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- wheat crown rote0
- Direction
- severee0
- Value
- 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after excessive fertilization, the wheat crown rot became severe, registering a disease index of 23.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate fertilization plus straw return reduced wheat crown rot disease index by 38.50%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization coupled with straw returninge0
- Outcome
- disease indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 38.50%e0
- Comparator
- excessive fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with excessive fertilization, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning significantly reduced the incidence of wheat crown rot, the disease index was reduced by 38.50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate fertilization plus straw return increased endophytic bacterial richness by 61.20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization coupled with straw returninge1
- Outcome
- richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 61.20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the richness and diversity of endophytic bacteria were increased by 61.20 and 11.93%, respectively”
e1“Compared with excessive fertilization, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning significantly reduced the incidence of wheat crown rot, the disease index was reduced by 38.50%”
t0“wheat root endophytic bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate fertilization plus straw return increased endophytic bacterial diversity by 11.93%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization coupled with straw returninge1
- Outcome
- diversity of endophytic bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the richness and diversity of endophytic bacteria were increased by 61.20 and 11.93%, respectively”
e1“Compared with excessive fertilization, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning significantly reduced the incidence of wheat crown rot, the disease index was reduced by 38.50%”
t0“wheat root endophytic bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment did not significantly affect soil fertility.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization coupled with straw returninge1
- Outcome
- soil fertilitye0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but the soil fertility was not significantly affected.”
e1“Compared with excessive fertilization, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning significantly reduced the incidence of wheat crown rot, the disease index was reduced by 38.50%”
t0“wheat root endophytic bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment changed endophytic bacterial community structure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization coupled with straw returninge0
- Outcome
- community structure of endophytic bacteriae0
- Direction
- changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning changed the community structure of endophytic bacteria”
t0“wheat root endophytic bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased abundance of carbohydrate metabolism genes by 4.72%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization coupled with straw returninge1
- Outcome
- relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.72e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolism and nitrogen fixation-related genes by 4.72 and 9.32%, respectively.”
e1“Compared with excessive fertilization, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning significantly reduced the incidence of wheat crown rot, the disease index was reduced by 38.50%”
t0“wheat root endophytic bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment increased abundance of nitrogen fixation genes by 9.32%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization coupled with straw returninge1
- Outcome
- nitrogen fixation-related genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolism and nitrogen fixation-related genes by 4.72 and 9.32%, respectively.”
e1“Compared with excessive fertilization, moderate fertilization coupled with straw returning significantly reduced the incidence of wheat crown rot, the disease index was reduced by 38.50%”
t0“wheat root endophytic bacteria”
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