Abstract
In South Africa, forbs make up the largest component of herbaceous species in grassland and savanna ecosystems, contributing significantly to nutritional food items for herbivores at certain times of the year. However, there are limited reports on the nutraceutical value of native forb species. Here, the proximate composition and the mineral, amino acid and antinutrient content of Evolvulus alsinoides, a commonly browsed forb species in South Africa, were evaluated for the first time. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were applied for chemical analyses of pulverized samples and crude extracts. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of crude protein (11.07±0.10%), carbohydrate (75.37±0.12%), moisture (4.26±0.23%), crude fat (1.8 ± 0.09%), crude fibre (29.2 ± 0.72%), ash (8.34±0.16%), neutral detergent fibre (44.40±0.15%), acid detergent fibre (44.04±0.03%), and an energy value of 361.68±0.10 Kcal/100g. Elemental composition showed that potassium (2.29 ± 0.04%) and iron (1276.67 ± 34.84 mg/kg) were predominant amongst the macro and trace minerals, respectively. Additionally, essential amino acids such as valine, phenylalanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, and threonine were present in E. alsinoides. The antinutrients evaluated (oxalate 0.00438 ± 0.12 mg/g and phytate 1.16 ± 0.02%) were below toxic levels. The FTIR spectrum of the pulverized plant sample revealed the presence of different functional groups, including OH, C − H, C H, C − O, and C = C, indicating the presence of different metabolites in the plant. A total of 196 compounds class consisting of several sub-groups of terpenoids, fatty acids, fatty alcohol, fatty esters, steroids, some volatile organic compounds, phenols, alkaloids, saponin, and glycosides were identified from the GC–MS analysis of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of E. alsinoides. Overall, we conclude that E. alsinoides has high-quality nutrient resources for livestock and nutraceutical value of beneficial effects on animals’ health.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
The plant contained crude protein at 11.07±0.10%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoides
_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7978.jpg?width=60)
Evolvulus alsinoidese1 - Outcome
- crude proteine0
- Value
- 11.07±0.10%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_7978.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“crude protein (11.07±0.10%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant contained carbohydrate at 75.37±0.12%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- carbohydratee0
- Value
- 75.37±0.12%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbohydrate (75.37±0.12%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant moisture was 4.26±0.23%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- moisturee0
- Value
- 4.26±0.23%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moisture (4.26±0.23%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant contained crude fat at 1.8 ± 0.09%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- crude fate0
- Value
- 1.8 ± 0.09%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crude fat (1.8 ± 0.09%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant contained crude fibre at 29.2 ± 0.72%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- crude fibree0
- Value
- 29.2 ± 0.72%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crude fibre (29.2 ± 0.72%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant ash content was 8.34±0.16%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- ashe0
- Value
- 8.34±0.16%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ash (8.34±0.16%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Neutral detergent fibre was 44.40±0.15%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- neutral detergent fibree0
- Value
- 44.40±0.15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neutral detergent fibre (44.40±0.15%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid detergent fibre was 44.04±0.03%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- acid detergent fibree0
- Value
- 44.04±0.03%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acid detergent fibre (44.04±0.03%)”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy value was 361.68±0.10 Kcal/100g.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- energy valuee0
- Value
- 361.68±0.10 Kcal/100ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“energy value of 361.68±0.10 Kcal/100g”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium was the predominant macromineral at 2.29 ± 0.04%.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Value
- 2.29 ± 0.04%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium (2.29 ± 0.04%) and iron (1276.67 ± 34.84 mg/kg) were predominant amongst the macro and trace minerals, respectively”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron was the predominant trace mineral at 1276.67 ± 34.84 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- irone0
- Value
- 1276.67 ± 34.84 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“iron (1276.67 ± 34.84 mg/kg) were predominant amongst the macro and trace minerals, respectively”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine named essential amino acids were present.
- Taxon
- E. alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese0
- Outcome
- essential amino acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential amino acids such as valine, phenylalanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, and threonine were present in E. alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalate was 0.00438 ± 0.12 mg/g, below toxic levels.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- oxalatee0
- Value
- 0.00438 ± 0.12 mg/ge0
- Qualifier
- below toxic levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxalate 0.00438 ± 0.12 mg/g and phytate 1.16 ± 0.02%) were below toxic levels”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytate was 1.16 ± 0.02%, below toxic levels.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- phytatee0
- Value
- 1.16 ± 0.02%e0
- Qualifier
- below toxic levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytate 1.16 ± 0.02%) were below toxic levels”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
FTIR detected OH, C − H, C H, C − O and C = C groups in pulverized plant.
- Taxon
- Evolvulus alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese1
- Outcome
- presence of different functional groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FTIR spectrum of the pulverized plant sample revealed the presence of different functional groups, including OH, C − H, C H, C − O, and C = C”
e1“Evolvulus alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
GC–MS identified 196 compound classes in extracts.
- Taxon
- E. alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese0
- Outcome
- compounds classe0
- Value
- 196e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 196 compounds class consisting of several sub-groups of terpenoids, fatty acids, fatty alcohol, fatty esters, steroids, some volatile organic compounds, phenols, alkaloids, saponin, and glycosides were identified from the GC–MS analysis of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of E. alsinoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude the plant provides high-quality livestock nutrients and nutraceutical value.
- Taxon
- E. alsinoidesEvolvulus alsinoidese0
- Outcome
- high-quality nutrient resources for livestock and nutraceutical valuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E. alsinoides has high-quality nutrient resources for livestock and nutraceutical value of beneficial effects on animals’ health”