Abstract
Broccoli is a vegetable that offers valuable components, such as glucosinolates (GLS), flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA), for our daily food intake. These substances have been associated with reducing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Broccoli florets are also highly perishable, given their elevated respiration rates and their sensitivity to ethylene. Experiments have been carried out on broccoli to investigate the consequences of abiotic stress post-harvest treatments in retarding the senescence process. Nevertheless, the influence of these treatments on the phytochemicals of broccoli has not been extensively examined. Florets of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) were exposed to an atmosphere consisting of 10,000 µL.L−1 ethanol at room temperature for 30 min and 120 min. The exposure to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments was carried out at room temperature using 1 µL.L−1 for 45 min and 180 min. The yellowing of florets was delayed using 10,000 µL.L−1 of ethanol at both exposure times as compared to untreated florets, and the chlorophyll titers were also superior with both doses over the control. The total phenols of the florets increased by 15% and 18% with the application of the hormetic and high doses, respectively, throughout the storage period compared to unexposed broccoli. The GLS and HCA yields were also increased by both ethanol doses. The exposure of florets to 1 µL.L1 MeJA for 45 min resulted in delayed yellowing of florets; however, longer exposures resulted in yellowing after 21 d and significantly (p < 0.05) increased respiration rates relative to untreated florets. Overall antioxidant capacity of the florets was significantly reduced with both doses of methyl jasmonate; however, HCA titers were increased at both doses. The amount of total glucobrassicins within broccoli was increased following exposure of florets to both doses, but no significant differences in glucoraphanin content were observed. As a conclusion, the ethanol treatment could indeed delay senescence and lead to the induction of phytochemicals. In contrast, MeJA’s effect on quality is not quite substantial; it can, however, be used to improve the phytochemical content of florets, particularly indole-type GLS.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol at both exposure times delayed floret yellowing relative to untreated broccoli.
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- 10,000 µL.L−1 of ethanole0
- Outcome
- yellowing of floretse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- untreated floretse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The yellowing of florets was delayed using 10,000 µL.L−1 of ethanol at both exposure times as compared to untreated florets, and the chlorophyll titers were also superior with both doses over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol at both exposure times raised chlorophyll titers over the control.
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- 10,000 µL.L−1 of ethanole0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll titerse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The yellowing of florets was delayed using 10,000 µL.L−1 of ethanol at both exposure times as compared to untreated florets, and the chlorophyll titers were also superior with both doses over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The hormetic ethanol dose increased floret total phenols by 15% during storage.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicae0 - Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- hormetice0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Qualifier
- throughout the storage periode0
- Comparator
- unexposed broccolie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total phenols of the florets increased by 15% and 18% with the application of the hormetic and high doses, respectively, throughout the storage period compared to unexposed broccoli.”
Claim · model-written summary
The high ethanol dose increased floret total phenols by 18% during storage.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- highe0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Qualifier
- throughout the storage periode0
- Comparator
- unexposed broccolie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total phenols of the florets increased by 15% and 18% with the application of the hormetic and high doses, respectively, throughout the storage period compared to unexposed broccoli.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both ethanol doses increased GLS and HCA yields.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The GLS and HCA yields were also increased by both ethanol doses.”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJA exposure for 45 minutes delayed floret yellowing.
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- 1 µL.L1 MeJA for 45 mine0
- Outcome
- yellowing of floretse0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The exposure of florets to 1 µL.L1 MeJA for 45 min resulted in delayed yellowing of florets; however, longer exposures resulted in yellowing after 21 d and significantly (p < 0.05) increased respiration rates relative to untreated florets.”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer MeJA exposure resulted in floret yellowing after 21 days.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The exposure of florets to 1 µL.L1 MeJA for 45 min resulted in delayed yellowing of florets; however, longer exposures resulted in yellowing after 21 d and significantly (p < 0.05) increased respiration rates relative to untreated florets.”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer MeJA exposure significantly increased respiration rates relative to untreated florets.
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- longer exposurese0
- Outcome
- respiration ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated floretse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The exposure of florets to 1 µL.L1 MeJA for 45 min resulted in delayed yellowing of florets; however, longer exposures resulted in yellowing after 21 d and significantly (p < 0.05) increased respiration rates relative to untreated florets.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both methyl jasmonate doses significantly reduced overall floret antioxidant capacity.
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- both doses of methyl jasmonatee0
- Outcome
- Overall antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Overall antioxidant capacity of the florets was significantly reduced with both doses of methyl jasmonate; however, HCA titers were increased at both doses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both methyl jasmonate doses increased HCA titers.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Overall antioxidant capacity of the florets was significantly reduced with both doses of methyl jasmonate; however, HCA titers were increased at both doses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both doses increased total glucobrassicins in broccoli florets.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- both dosese0
- Outcome
- total glucobrassicinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of total glucobrassicins within broccoli was increased following exposure of florets to both doses, but no significant differences in glucoraphanin content were observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucoraphanin content did not differ significantly following both doses.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Organ / stage
- floretse0
- Treatment
- both dosese0
- Outcome
- glucoraphanin contente0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of total glucobrassicins within broccoli was increased following exposure of florets to both doses, but no significant differences in glucoraphanin content were observed.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.