Abstract
Buffalo manure and rice-husk biochar (hereafter refer to biochar) are known as organic materials that their application to soil can enhance growth and production of crops. The appropriate dose of these organic materials to increase growth and yield of soybean is yet studied particularly on the southeast coast of Timor-Leste. This study aimed to identify appropriate doses of buffalo manure and biochar for producing soybean. The experiment was delivered using a Split Plot Design factorial 3 × 3. The first factor was buffalo manure (K) consisted of three level treatments; K0 = 0 t/ha (control), K1 = 5 t/ha, K2 = 10 t/ ha, and the second factor were biochar (B) consisted of three level treatments; B0 = 0 t/ha (control), B1= 3 t/ha, and B2 = 6 t/ ha. Parameters investigated were soil pH, crop phenology, plant height, leaf and branch numbers, filled pods, seeds per pod, biomass production, yield and harvest index. Analysis of variance showed that biochar significantly increased pH level of the soil by 4.01% and 6.80% for 3 t/ha and 6 t/ha biochar, respectively, compared to the control (5.33). Application of buffalo manure and biochar did not affect crop phenology. There was buffalo manure x biochar interaction for plant height and the rests showed an independent positive impact on growth and yield of soybean. The application of buffalo manure at 5 t/ha, in general, did not affect growth and yield. Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/ha significantly increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield and plant biomass production by 32.55%, 5.93%, 36.24% and 35.17%, respectively, compared to the controls. Application of biochar with 3 t/ha increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, plant biomass and HI by 10.64%, 1.70%, 10.47%, 7.51% and 2.94%, respectively, compared to the controls. These results showed positive impact of buffalo manure and biochar on growth, yield and yield components of soybean.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
3 t/ha biochar increased soil pH by 4.01%.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- pH level of the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.01%e0
- Qualifier
- 3 t/hae0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar significantly increased pH level of the soil by 4.01% and 6.80% for 3 t/ha and 6 t/ha biochar, respectively, compared to the control (5.33)”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
6 t/ha biochar increased soil pH by 6.80%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 6 t/ha biochare0
- Outcome
- pH level of the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.80%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar significantly increased pH level of the soil by 4.01% and 6.80% for 3 t/ha and 6 t/ha biochar, respectively, compared to the control (5.33)”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure and biochar did not affect soybean phenology.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- buffalo manure and biochare0
- Outcome
- crop phenologye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of buffalo manure and biochar did not affect crop phenology”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure and biochar interacted for plant height.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- buffalo manure x biochare0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was buffalo manure x biochar interaction for plant height”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure and biochar independently improved other soybean growth and yield outcomes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- buffalo manure and biochart0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- positive impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rests showed an independent positive impact on growth and yield of soybean”
t0“Buffalo Manure and Biochar”
t1“Buffalo Manure and Biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
5 t/ha manure generally did not affect soybean growth and yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- buffalo manure at 5 t/hae0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“buffalo manure at 5 t/ha, in general, did not affect growth and yield”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
10 t/ha manure increased filled pods per plant by 32.55%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/hae0
- Outcome
- filled pods per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.55%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/ha significantly increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield and plant biomass production by 32.55%, 5.93%, 36.24% and 35.17%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
10 t/ha manure increased 100 seed weight by 5.93%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/hae0
- Outcome
- 100 seed weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.93%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/ha significantly increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield and plant biomass production by 32.55%, 5.93%, 36.24% and 35.17%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
10 t/ha manure increased seed yield by 36.24%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/hae0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.24%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/ha significantly increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield and plant biomass production by 32.55%, 5.93%, 36.24% and 35.17%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
10 t/ha manure increased plant biomass production by 35.17%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/hae0
- Outcome
- plant biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.17%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffalo manure at the rate of 10 t/ha significantly increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield and plant biomass production by 32.55%, 5.93%, 36.24% and 35.17%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
3 t/ha biochar increased filled pods per plant by 10.64%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- biochar with 3 t/hae0
- Outcome
- filled pods per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.64%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar with 3 t/ha increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, plant biomass and HI by 10.64%, 1.70%, 10.47%, 7.51% and 2.94%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
3 t/ha biochar increased 100 seed weight by 1.70%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- biochar with 3 t/hae0
- Outcome
- 100 seed weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.70%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar with 3 t/ha increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, plant biomass and HI by 10.64%, 1.70%, 10.47%, 7.51% and 2.94%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
3 t/ha biochar increased seed yield by 10.47%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- biochar with 3 t/hae0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.47%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar with 3 t/ha increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, plant biomass and HI by 10.64%, 1.70%, 10.47%, 7.51% and 2.94%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
3 t/ha biochar increased plant biomass by 7.51%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- biochar with 3 t/hae0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.51%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar with 3 t/ha increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, plant biomass and HI by 10.64%, 1.70%, 10.47%, 7.51% and 2.94%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
3 t/ha biochar increased harvest index by 2.94%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- biochar with 3 t/hae0
- Outcome
- HIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.94%e0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar with 3 t/ha increased filled pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, plant biomass and HI by 10.64%, 1.70%, 10.47%, 7.51% and 2.94%, respectively, compared to the controls”
t0“Soybean”
t1“Soybean”
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