Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a widespread industrial pollutant that has detrimental effects on plant growth and development. Photoprotective properties ensure plant survival during stress by protecting the photosynthetic apparatus. This occurs via numerous mechanisms, including non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), cyclic electron flow (CEF) and the water-to-water cycle (WWC). However, whether and how Zn stress affects the photoprotective properties of plants to enhance the tolerance of Zn toxicity remains unknown. In this study, we treated Melia azedarach plants with different Zn concentrations ranging from 200 to 1000 mg kg-1. We then analyzed the activities of two leaf photosynthetic pigment components-photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII)-and the relative expression levels of their subunit genes. As expected, we found that Zn treatment decreases photosynthesis and increases photodamage in M. azedarach leaves. The Zn treatments exacerbated a variety of photodamage phenotypes in photosystem activities and altered the expression levels of key photosystem complex genes and proteins. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that PSI was more seriously damaged than PSII under Zn stress. Subsequently, we compared differences in photodamage in the NPQ, CEF and WWC photoprotection pathways under Zn stress and found that each exerted a protective function again photodamage under 200 mg kg-1 Zn stress. The NPQ and CEF may also play major protective roles in the avoidance of irreversible photodamage and helping to ensure survival under higher (i.e., 500 and 1000 mg kg-1) levels of Zn stress. Thus, our study revealed that NPQ- and CEF-based photoprotection mechanisms are more effective than WWC in M. azedarach upon Zn stress.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Zn treatment decreased photosynthesis in Melia azedarach leaves.
- Taxon
- M. azedarach
Melia azedarache1 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Zn treatmente1
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zn treatment decreases photosynthesis and increases photodamage in M. azedarach leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn treatment increased photodamage in Melia azedarach leaves.
- Taxon
- M. azedarachMelia azedarache1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Zn treatmente1
- Outcome
- photodamagee1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zn treatment decreases photosynthesis and increases photodamage in M. azedarach leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn treatments exacerbated photodamage phenotypes in photosystem activities of Melia azedarach.
- Taxon
- Melia azedarachMelia azedaracht0
- Treatment
- Zn treatmentse2
- Outcome
- photodamage phenotypes in photosystem activitiese2
- Direction
- exacerbatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The Zn treatments exacerbated a variety of photodamage phenotypes in photosystem activities and altered the expression levels of key photosystem complex genes and proteins”
t0“Melia azedarach”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn treatments altered the expression levels of key photosystem complex genes in Melia azedarach.
- Taxon
- Melia azedarachMelia azedaracht0
- Treatment
- Zn treatmentse2
- Gene
- key photosystem complex genese2
- Outcome
- expression levelse2
- Direction
- alterede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The Zn treatments exacerbated a variety of photodamage phenotypes in photosystem activities and altered the expression levels of key photosystem complex genes and proteins”
t0“Melia azedarach”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Zn stress PSI was more seriously damaged than PSII in Melia azedarach.
- Taxon
- Melia azedarachMelia azedaracht0
- Treatment
- Zn stresse3
- Outcome
- damagee3
- Direction
- more seriously damagede3
- Comparator
- PSIIe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“PSI was more seriously damaged than PSII under Zn stress”
t0“Melia azedarach”
Claim · model-written summary
NPQ, CEF and WWC each exerted a protective function against photodamage under 200 mg kg-1 Zn stress.
- Taxon
- Melia azedarachMelia azedaracht0
- Treatment
- 200 mg kg-1 Zn stresse4
- Outcome
- photodamagee4
- Direction
- protective functione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“each exerted a protective function again photodamage under 200 mg kg-1 Zn stress”
t0“Melia azedarach”
Claim · model-written summary
NPQ and CEF may play major protective roles in avoiding irreversible photodamage under higher Zn stress in Melia azedarach.
- Taxon
- Melia azedarachMelia azedaracht0
- Outcome
- avoidance of irreversible photodamagee5
- Qualifier
- NPQ and CEF may also play major protective rolese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The NPQ and CEF may also play major protective roles in the avoidance of irreversible photodamage and helping to ensure survival under higher (i.e., 500 and 1000 mg kg-1) levels of Zn stress”
t0“Melia azedarach”
Claim · model-written summary
NPQ- and CEF-based photoprotection mechanisms are more effective than WWC against Zn stress in Melia azedarach.
- Taxon
- M. azedarachMelia azedarache6
- Treatment
- Zn stresse6
- Outcome
- photoprotection mechanismse6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Comparator
- WWCe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“NPQ- and CEF-based photoprotection mechanisms are more effective than WWC in M. azedarach upon Zn stress”
t0“Melia azedarach”