Abstract
Abstract Light-Emitting Diode (LED) improves photosynthesis, vegetative development, seed germination, and chlorophyll content in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system. This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours. Microgreens were watered twice daily with 250 ppm of plant nutrients, using a commercial AB mix and liquid organic fertilizer. Different LED ratios have varied lux and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), i.e. 100 lux and 44.26 mol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD for 100% blue; 600 lux and 20.32 mol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD for 100% red; 1000 lux and 95.92 mol·m −2 ·s −1 PPFD for 100% white; 350 lux, and 37.33 mol·m −2 ·s −1 for 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white; with maintained 25-27°C of temperature and 70-80% of relative humidity. The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens, with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach and 3.01 cm, 0.91 cm 2 , 0.08 g, 19.12 mg/L, 9.93 mg/L, 18.50 mg/L for red spinach.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave green spinach microgreens a height of 2.98 cm, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Material
- green spinache1
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- heighte1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 2.98 cme1
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave green spinach microgreens a leaf area of 1.32 cm 2, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- green spinache1
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 1.32 cm 2e1
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave green spinach microgreens a fresh weight of 0.14 gr, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- green spinache1
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 0.14 gre1
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave green spinach microgreens chlorophyll a of 19.05 mg/L, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- green spinache1
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 19.05 mg/ Le1
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave green spinach microgreens chlorophyll b of 11.38 mg/L, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- green spinache1
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 11.38 mg/Le1
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave green spinach microgreens total chlorophyll content of 19.76 mg/L, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- green spinache1
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 19.76 mg/Le1
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave red spinach microgreens a height of 3.01 cm, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- red spinache2
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- heighte1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 3.01 cme2
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e2“and 3.01 cm, 0.91 cm 2 , 0.08 g, 19.12 mg/L, 9.93 mg/L, 18.50 mg/L for red spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave red spinach microgreens a leaf area of 0.91 cm 2, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- red spinache2
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 0.91 cm 2e2
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e2“and 3.01 cm, 0.91 cm 2 , 0.08 g, 19.12 mg/L, 9.93 mg/L, 18.50 mg/L for red spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave red spinach microgreens a fresh weight of 0.08 g, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- red spinache2
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 0.08 ge2
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e2“and 3.01 cm, 0.91 cm 2 , 0.08 g, 19.12 mg/L, 9.93 mg/L, 18.50 mg/L for red spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave red spinach microgreens chlorophyll a of 19.12 mg/L, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- red spinache2
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 19.12 mg/Le2
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e2“and 3.01 cm, 0.91 cm 2 , 0.08 g, 19.12 mg/L, 9.93 mg/L, 18.50 mg/L for red spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave red spinach microgreens chlorophyll b of 9.93 mg/L, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- red spinache2
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 9.93 mg/Le2
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e2“and 3.01 cm, 0.91 cm 2 , 0.08 g, 19.12 mg/L, 9.93 mg/L, 18.50 mg/L for red spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% white LED with AB Mix gave red spinach microgreens total chlorophyll content of 18.50 mg/L, higher than the other LED ratios.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- red spinache2
- Treatment
- 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutriente0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 18.50 mg/Le2
- Comparator
- 100% blue, 100% rede3
- Setting
- controlled-environment plant cultivation systeme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 100% white LED lamp with AB Mix as plant nutrient resulted in the best growth of red and green spinach microgreens”
e1“with height, leaf area, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of 2.98 cm, 1.32 cm 2 , 0.14 gr, 19.05 mg/ L, 11.38 mg/L, 19.76 mg/L for green spinach”
e2“and 3.01 cm, 0.91 cm 2 , 0.08 g, 19.12 mg/L, 9.93 mg/L, 18.50 mg/L for red spinach”
e3“This study used LEDs as artificial grow illumination with 4 four distinct ratios, 100% blue, 100% red, 100% white, 67%:20%:13% red:blue:white, for 12 hours”
e4“in a controlled-environment plant cultivation system”
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