Abstract
Introduction Climate warming has pronounced effects on rice production in China. However, late-seasons rice cultivars are diverse in double rice cropping systems, and the actual responses in grain yield and quality of different late-season rice cultivars to climate warming are still unclear. Methods A two-year field warming experiment was conducted by using free-air temperature increase facilities with three widely-planted late-season rice cultivars, including Taiyou398 (TY, short growth duration indica hybrid rice), Jiuxiangnian (JXN, long growth duration indica inbred rice), and Yongyou1538 (YY, long growth duration indica-japonica hybrid rice) in a double rice cropping system in subtropical China. Results Warming (1.9–2.0°C) had no significant effects on the grain yields of TY and JXN, but significantly decreased that of YY by 4.8% relative to ambient treatment due to a reduction of spikelet number. Compared to ambient treatment, the head rice yields of TY and YY did not change while that of JXN increased by 6.3% under warming conditions. Warming significantly increased the head rice rates of JXN and YY by 6.6% and 7.8%, and the chalky grain rates of TY, JXN, and YY by 79.1%, 21.6%, and 7.6%, respectively. Under warming conditions, the amylose content of JXN and YY decreased significantly by 7.5% and 8.8%, and the setback of three cultivars decreased significantly by an average of 41.5%. Conclusion Warming could improve the milling and eating qualities of long growth duration late-season rice (JXN and YY) and increase or maintain their head rice yield, even though decreased the grain yield of indica-japonica hybrid rice (YY). These results will provide a better understanding for the selection of suitable late-season rice cultivars under future climate warming conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Warming had no significant effect on grain yield of TY rice relative to ambient treatment.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- TYe1
- Treatment
- Warminge1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Comparator
- ambient treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e1“Warming (1.9–2.0°C) had no significant effects on the grain yields of TY and JXN, but significantly decreased that of YY by 4.8% relative to ambient treatment due to a reduction of spikelet number”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming had no significant effect on grain yield of JXN rice relative to ambient treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- JXNe1
- Treatment
- Warminge1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Comparator
- ambient treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e1“Warming (1.9–2.0°C) had no significant effects on the grain yields of TY and JXN, but significantly decreased that of YY by 4.8% relative to ambient treatment due to a reduction of spikelet number”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly decreased grain yield of YY rice by 4.8% relative to ambient treatment, due to a reduction of spikelet number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YYe1
- Treatment
- Warminge1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 4.8%e1
- Qualifier
- due to a reduction of spikelet numbere1
- Comparator
- ambient treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e1“Warming (1.9–2.0°C) had no significant effects on the grain yields of TY and JXN, but significantly decreased that of YY by 4.8% relative to ambient treatment due to a reduction of spikelet number”
Claim · model-written summary
Under warming conditions, head rice yield of TY did not change relative to ambient treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- TYe2
- Treatment
- warming conditionse2
- Outcome
- head rice yieldse2
- Direction
- did not changee2
- Comparator
- ambient treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e2“Compared to ambient treatment, the head rice yields of TY and YY did not change while that of JXN increased by 6.3% under warming conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under warming conditions, head rice yield of YY did not change relative to ambient treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YYe2
- Treatment
- warming conditionse2
- Outcome
- head rice yieldse2
- Direction
- did not changee2
- Comparator
- ambient treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e2“Compared to ambient treatment, the head rice yields of TY and YY did not change while that of JXN increased by 6.3% under warming conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under warming conditions, head rice yield of JXN increased by 6.3% relative to ambient treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- JXNe2
- Treatment
- warming conditionse2
- Outcome
- head rice yieldse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 6.3%e2
- Comparator
- ambient treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e2“Compared to ambient treatment, the head rice yields of TY and YY did not change while that of JXN increased by 6.3% under warming conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly increased head rice rate of JXN rice by 6.6%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- JXNe3
- Treatment
- Warminge3
- Outcome
- head rice ratese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 6.6%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e3“Warming significantly increased the head rice rates of JXN and YY by 6.6% and 7.8%, and the chalky grain rates of TY, JXN, and YY by 79.1%, 21.6%, and 7.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly increased head rice rate of YY rice by 7.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YYe3
- Treatment
- Warminge3
- Outcome
- head rice ratese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 7.8%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e3“Warming significantly increased the head rice rates of JXN and YY by 6.6% and 7.8%, and the chalky grain rates of TY, JXN, and YY by 79.1%, 21.6%, and 7.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly increased chalky grain rate of TY rice by 79.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- TYe3
- Treatment
- Warminge3
- Outcome
- chalky grain ratese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 79.1%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e3“Warming significantly increased the head rice rates of JXN and YY by 6.6% and 7.8%, and the chalky grain rates of TY, JXN, and YY by 79.1%, 21.6%, and 7.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly increased chalky grain rate of JXN rice by 21.6%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- JXNe3
- Treatment
- Warminge3
- Outcome
- chalky grain ratese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 21.6%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e3“Warming significantly increased the head rice rates of JXN and YY by 6.6% and 7.8%, and the chalky grain rates of TY, JXN, and YY by 79.1%, 21.6%, and 7.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly increased chalky grain rate of YY rice by 7.6%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YYe3
- Treatment
- Warminge3
- Outcome
- chalky grain ratese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 7.6%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e3“Warming significantly increased the head rice rates of JXN and YY by 6.6% and 7.8%, and the chalky grain rates of TY, JXN, and YY by 79.1%, 21.6%, and 7.6%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under warming conditions, amylose content of JXN rice decreased significantly by 7.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- JXNe4
- Treatment
- Under warming conditionse4
- Outcome
- amylose contente4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 7.5%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e4“Under warming conditions, the amylose content of JXN and YY decreased significantly by 7.5% and 8.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under warming conditions, amylose content of YY rice decreased significantly by 8.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YYe4
- Treatment
- Under warming conditionse4
- Outcome
- amylose contente4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- 8.8%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e4“Under warming conditions, the amylose content of JXN and YY decreased significantly by 7.5% and 8.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under warming conditions, setback of three rice cultivars decreased significantly by an average of 41.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- three cultivarse5
- Treatment
- warming conditionse4
- Outcome
- setbacke5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 41.5%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“late-season rice cultivars”
e4“Under warming conditions, the amylose content of JXN and YY decreased significantly by 7.5% and 8.8%”
e5“and the setback of three cultivars decreased significantly by an average of 41.5%”
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