Abstract
Accurate and effective management of irrigation and fertilization is essential for efficient greenhouse strawberry production. Here, the effects of the combined application of water and potassium on strawberry growth were evaluated by experimenting with 12 treatments, including four transpiration (ETC)-based irrigation levels (W1: 100% ETC, W2: 85% ETC, W3: 70% ETC, and W4: 55% ETC) and three potassium levels according to the target yield (K1: 369.5 kg/hm2, K2: 307.9 kg/hm2, and K3: 246.3 kg/hm2). Various indexes of strawberry yield, fruit quality, water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, and soil nutrient residues were measured. Irrigation and potassium application had significant effects on strawberry production. Higher irrigation levels increased yield (Y), and moderate water and potassium application increased single fruit weight (SFW), water utilization efficiency (WUE), total soluble sugar (TSSC), and the sugar-acid ratio (SAR). While low-application of potassium increased the soluble protein content (SP), partial factor productivity of potassium (PFPK), and reduce nutrient residues in soil effectively. A comprehensive system for evaluating strawberry growth and its benefits to the soil environment was developed. The FAHP and CRITIC methods were used to calculate the subjective weight and objective weight of each index, respectively. The largest subjective weight was observed for Y (0.200), and the largest objective weight was observed for soil-available potassium (0.101). The final weight was determined using Game theory; Y had the highest weight (0.185), and free amino acids (FAA) had the lowest weight (0.047). Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to evaluate the optimal irrigation and potassium scheme for accomplishing multiple objectives. The response of the comprehensive score of strawberries to irrigation and potassium exhibited a negative parabolic relationship, and the effect of irrigation was greater than the effect of potassium application. There was a significant interaction between irrigation and potassium application, and an irrigation amount of 2053-2525 m3/hm2 with a potassium application rate of 288.1-334.2 kg/hm2 was optimal for promoting strawberry yield, fruit quality, and efficiency and reducing soil nutrient residues. The results of this study provide new insights that could aid the development of sustainable approaches for enhancing agricultural production. Keywords: strawberry, irrigation, potassium, FAHP, CRITIC, nutrient residues DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20231602.7591 Citation: Yang X Q, Du R C, Zhang M C, Feng H W, Wang Z Q, Zhang Z. Comprehensive evaluation of the optimal rates of irrigation and potassium application for strawberry. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16(2): 65-72.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and potassium application significantly affected strawberry production.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- Irrigation and potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- strawberry productione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation and potassium application had significant effects on strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation levels increased strawberry yield.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Higher irrigation levelse0
- Outcome
- yield (Y)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher irrigation levels increased yield (Y)”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate water and potassium application increased single fruit weight and water utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- moderate water and potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- single fruit weight (SFW), water utilization efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate water and potassium application increased single fruit weight (SFW), water utilization efficiency (WUE), total soluble sugar (TSSC), and the sugar-acid ratio (SAR)”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate water and potassium application increased soluble sugars and sugar-acid ratio.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- moderate water and potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugar (TSSC), and the sugar-acid ratio (SAR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate water and potassium application increased single fruit weight (SFW), water utilization efficiency (WUE), total soluble sugar (TSSC), and the sugar-acid ratio (SAR)”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Low potassium application increased strawberry soluble protein content.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- low-application of potassiume0
- Outcome
- soluble protein content (SP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low-application of potassium increased the soluble protein content (SP), partial factor productivity of potassium (PFPK), and reduce nutrient residues in soil effectively”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Low potassium application increased potassium partial factor productivity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- low-application of potassiume0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of potassium (PFPK)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low-application of potassium increased the soluble protein content (SP), partial factor productivity of potassium (PFPK), and reduce nutrient residues in soil effectively”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Low potassium application reduced soil nutrient residues.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- low-application of potassiume0
- Outcome
- nutrient residues in soile0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low-application of potassium increased the soluble protein content (SP), partial factor productivity of potassium (PFPK), and reduce nutrient residues in soil effectively”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield had the largest subjective index weight, 0.200.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- subjective weighte0
- Value
- 0.200e0
- Qualifier
- Ye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest subjective weight was observed for Y (0.200)”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil available potassium had the largest objective index weight, 0.101.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- objective weighte0
- Value
- 0.101e0
- Qualifier
- soil-available potassiume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the largest objective weight was observed for soil-available potassium (0.101)”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield had the highest final weight, 0.185.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- highest weighte0
- Value
- 0.185e0
- Qualifier
- Ye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Y had the highest weight (0.185)”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Free amino acids had the lowest final weight, 0.047.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- lowest weighte0
- Value
- 0.047e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“free amino acids (FAA) had the lowest weight (0.047)”
e1“greenhouse strawberry production”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry composite score had a negative parabolic response to irrigation and potassium.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- irrigation and potassiume0
- Outcome
- comprehensive scoree0
- Direction
- negative parabolic relationshipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of the comprehensive score of strawberries to irrigation and potassium exhibited a negative parabolic relationship”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation affected strawberry composite score more than potassium application.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- comprehensive scoree1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- potassium applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of irrigation was greater than the effect of potassium application”
e1“comprehensive score of strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and potassium application interacted significantly.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- irrigation and potassium applicatione0
- Outcome
- interaction between irrigation and potassium applicatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant interaction between irrigation and potassium application”
e1“strawberry yield, fruit quality, and efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified 2053-2525 m3/hm2 irrigation and 288.1-334.2 kg/hm2 potassium as optimal for strawberry outcomes and reduced soil residues.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- an irrigation amount of 2053-2525 m3/hm2 with a potassium application rate of 288.1-334.2 kg/hm2e0
- Outcome
- optimal for promoting strawberry yield, fruit quality, and efficiency and reducing soil nutrient residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an irrigation amount of 2053-2525 m3/hm2 with a potassium application rate of 288.1-334.2 kg/hm2 was optimal for promoting strawberry yield, fruit quality, and efficiency and reducing soil nutrient residues”
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