Abstract
Plant biostimulants, such as plant protein hydrolysates (PHs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM), are natural products capable of increasing the yield and quality of crops and decreasing the ecological impact of plant growing cycles. However, there is little research on the mutual application of different categories of biostimulants (microbial and non-microbial). The current study was conducted to examine the effects of “Trainer” PH application (0 or 3 mL L−1) and AM (R. irregularis) inoculation on the growth, yield, quality and nitrogen indices of ”Birgah” F1 eggplant cultivated for two years (2020 and 2021). Results revealed that the combined application of PH and AM significantly enhanced total and marketable yields, average marketable fruit weight and number of marketable fruits by 23.7%, 36.4%, 19.0% and 11.1% compared to non-treated plants (control), respectively. Moreover, biostimulants increased the soluble solids content (SSC), chlorogenic acid, total anthocyanins, K and Mg in the fruits by 16%, 4.6%, 6.4%, 8.6% and 23.9% compared to control plants, respectively. Interestingly, the mutual application of PH and AM improved fruit quality by reducing the glycoalkaloid concentration (−19.8%) and fruit browning potential (−38%). Furthermore, both biostimulants exerted a synergistic action, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency by 26.7% and 18.75%, respectively. On the other hand, productive and fruit-quality features were significantly influenced by the year due to remarkable differences in terms of maximum temperature between the first and second cultivation cycles. Overall, our research underlined that PH and AM can positively interact to improve the performance of eggplant cultivated in open fields.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PH and AM application increased total yield of eggplant by 23.7% compared with non-treated control plants.
- Taxon
- Eggplant
Solanum melongenat0 - Treatment
- combined application of PH and AMe0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total and marketable yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 23.7%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“the combined application of PH and AM significantly enhanced total and marketable yields, average marketable fruit weight and number of marketable fruits by 23.7%, 36.4%, 19.0% and 11.1% compared to non-treated plants (control), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PH and AM application increased marketable yield of eggplant by 36.4% compared with non-treated control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- combined application of PH and AMe0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- marketable yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 36.4%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“the combined application of PH and AM significantly enhanced total and marketable yields, average marketable fruit weight and number of marketable fruits by 23.7%, 36.4%, 19.0% and 11.1% compared to non-treated plants (control), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PH and AM application increased average marketable fruit weight by 19.0% compared with non-treated control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- combined application of PH and AMe0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- average marketable fruit weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.0%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“the combined application of PH and AM significantly enhanced total and marketable yields, average marketable fruit weight and number of marketable fruits by 23.7%, 36.4%, 19.0% and 11.1% compared to non-treated plants (control), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PH and AM application increased the number of marketable fruits by 11.1% compared with non-treated control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- combined application of PH and AMe0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of marketable fruitse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 11.1%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“the combined application of PH and AM significantly enhanced total and marketable yields, average marketable fruit weight and number of marketable fruits by 23.7%, 36.4%, 19.0% and 11.1% compared to non-treated plants (control), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants increased soluble solids content in eggplant fruits by 16% compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- biostimulantse0
- Outcome
- soluble solids content (SSC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“biostimulants increased the soluble solids content (SSC), chlorogenic acid, total anthocyanins, K and Mg in the fruits by 16%, 4.6%, 6.4%, 8.6% and 23.9% compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants increased chlorogenic acid in eggplant fruits by 4.6% compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- biostimulantse0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.6%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“biostimulants increased the soluble solids content (SSC), chlorogenic acid, total anthocyanins, K and Mg in the fruits by 16%, 4.6%, 6.4%, 8.6% and 23.9% compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants increased total anthocyanins in eggplant fruits by 6.4% compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- biostimulantse0
- Outcome
- total anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.4%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“biostimulants increased the soluble solids content (SSC), chlorogenic acid, total anthocyanins, K and Mg in the fruits by 16%, 4.6%, 6.4%, 8.6% and 23.9% compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants increased K in eggplant fruits by 8.6% compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- biostimulantse0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.6%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“biostimulants increased the soluble solids content (SSC), chlorogenic acid, total anthocyanins, K and Mg in the fruits by 16%, 4.6%, 6.4%, 8.6% and 23.9% compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants increased Mg in eggplant fruits by 23.9% compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- biostimulantse0
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.9%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“biostimulants increased the soluble solids content (SSC), chlorogenic acid, total anthocyanins, K and Mg in the fruits by 16%, 4.6%, 6.4%, 8.6% and 23.9% compared to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PH and AM application reduced glycoalkaloid concentration in eggplant fruit by 19.8%.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- mutual application of PH and AMe0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- glycoalkaloid concentratione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- −19.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“the mutual application of PH and AM improved fruit quality by reducing the glycoalkaloid concentration (−19.8%) and fruit browning potential (−38%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PH and AM application reduced fruit browning potential by 38%.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- mutual application of PH and AMe0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit browning potentiale0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- −38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“the mutual application of PH and AM improved fruit quality by reducing the glycoalkaloid concentration (−19.8%) and fruit browning potential (−38%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both biostimulants acted synergistically to enhance nitrogen use efficiency in eggplant by 26.7%.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- both biostimulantse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 26.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“both biostimulants exerted a synergistic action, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency by 26.7% and 18.75%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Both biostimulants acted synergistically to enhance nitrogen uptake efficiency in eggplant by 18.75%.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- both biostimulantse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake efficiencye0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 18.75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“both biostimulants exerted a synergistic action, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency by 26.7% and 18.75%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Productive and fruit-quality features of eggplant were significantly influenced by the year, owing to remarkable differences in maximum temperature between the first and second cultivation cycles.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- productive and fruit-quality featurese0
- Comparator
- first and second cultivation cyclese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eggplant”
e0“productive and fruit-quality features were significantly influenced by the year due to remarkable differences in terms of maximum temperature between the first and second cultivation cycles”
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