Abstract
Kenya is the seventh most prominent producer of common beans globally and the second leading producer in East Africa. However, the annual national productivity is low due to insufficient quantities of vital nutrients and nitrogen in the soils. Rhizobia are symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen through their interaction with leguminous plants. Nevertheless, inoculating beans with commercial rhizobia inoculants results in sparse nodulation and low nitrogen supply to the host plants because these strains are poorly adapted to the local soils. Several studies describe native rhizobia with much better symbiotic capabilities than commercial strains, but only a few have conducted field studies. This study aimed to test the competence of new rhizobia strains that we isolated from Western Kenya soils and for which the symbiotic efficiency was successfully determined in greenhouse experiments. Furthermore, we present and analyze the whole-genome sequence for a promising candidate for agricultural application, which has high nitrogen fixation features and promotes common bean yields in field studies. Plants inoculated with the rhizobial isolate S3 or with a consortium of local isolates (COMB), including S3, produced a significantly higher number of seeds and seed dry weight when compared to uninoculated control plants at two study sites. The performance of plants inoculated with commercial isolate CIAT899 was not significantly different from uninoculated plants (p > 0.05), indicating tight competition from native rhizobia for nodule occupancy. Pangenome analysis and the overall genome-related indices showed that S3 is a member of R. phaseoli. However, synteny analysis revealed significant differences in the gene order, orientation, and copy numbers between S3 and the reference R. phaseoli. Isolate S3 is phylogenomically similar to R. phaseoli. However, it has undergone significant genome rearrangements (global mutagenesis) to adapt to harsh conditions in Kenyan soils. Its high nitrogen fixation ability shows optimal adaptation to Kenyan soils, and the strain can potentially replace nitrogenous fertilizer application. We recommend that extensive fieldwork in other parts of the country over a period of five years be performed on S3 to check on how the yield changes with varying whether conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
S3 inoculation significantly increased seed number and seed dry weight against uninoculated controls at two sites.
- Taxon
- Common Beans
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- inoculated with the rhizobial isolate S3e0
- Interactor
- rhizobial isolate S3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of seeds and seed dry weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- uninoculated control plantse0
- Setting
- two study sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“Plants inoculated with the rhizobial isolate S3 or with a consortium of local isolates (COMB), including S3, produced a significantly higher number of seeds and seed dry weight when compared to uninoculated control plants at two study sites.”
Claim · model-written summary
The local isolate consortium significantly increased seed number and seed dry weight against uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- a consortium of local isolates (COMB)e0
- Interactor
- local isolates (COMB)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of seeds and seed dry weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- uninoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“Plants inoculated with the rhizobial isolate S3 or with a consortium of local isolates (COMB), including S3, produced a significantly higher number of seeds and seed dry weight when compared to uninoculated control plants at two study sites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial CIAT899 inoculation did not differ significantly from uninoculated plants in performance.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- inoculated with commercial isolate CIAT899e0
- Interactor
- commercial isolate CIAT899e0symbiont
- Outcome
- performance of plantse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- uninoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“The performance of plants inoculated with commercial isolate CIAT899 was not significantly different from uninoculated plants (p > 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pangenome and genome indices assign S3 to R. phaseoli.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Interactor
- R. phaseolie0symbiont
- Outcome
- S3 is a member of R. phaseolie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“Pangenome analysis and the overall genome-related indices showed that S3 is a member of R. phaseoli.”
Claim · model-written summary
S3 differs significantly from reference R. phaseoli in gene order, orientation, and copy numbers.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Interactor
- R. phaseolie0symbiont
- Outcome
- significant differences in the gene order, orientation, and copy numberse0
- Comparator
- reference R. phaseolie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“synteny analysis revealed significant differences in the gene order, orientation, and copy numbers between S3 and the reference R. phaseoli.”
Claim · model-written summary
S3 is phylogenomically similar to R. phaseoli.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Interactor
- R. phaseolie0symbiont
- Outcome
- phylogenomically similar to R. phaseolie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“Isolate S3 is phylogenomically similar to R. phaseoli.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute S3 genome rearrangements to adaptation to Kenyan soils.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- significant genome rearrangementse0
- Qualifier
- adapt to harsh conditions in Kenyan soilse0
- Setting
- Kenyan soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“it has undergone significant genome rearrangements (global mutagenesis) to adapt to harsh conditions in Kenyan soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose S3 as a possible replacement for nitrogenous fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- potentially replace nitrogenous fertilizer applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“the strain can potentially replace nitrogenous fertilizer application.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend extended fieldwork on S3 across the country to assess yield under varied weather.
- Taxon
- Common BeansPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- extensive fieldwork in other parts of the country over a period of five yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Beans”
e0“We recommend that extensive fieldwork in other parts of the country over a period of five years be performed on S3 to check on how the yield changes with varying whether conditions.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · yield · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
152 papers in the same direction as this paper · 36 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
191 papers more in this group
See all 195 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.