Abstract
Salinity and drought are two major abiotic stresses challenging global crop production and food security. In this study, the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated. For this purpose, a 3 x 4 factorial design in three blocks experiment was conducted. The stress treatments included three levels of salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) and four levels of drought (regular irrigation as well as irrigation disruption at heading, flowering, and kernel extension stages). The stresses, individual as well as combined, caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll contents, total dry matter, leaf area index, relative water content, and grain yield of triticale. In this regard, the highest reduction was recorded under combined stresses of 100 mM NaCl and drought stress at flowering. However, an increase in soluble sugars, leaf free proline, carotenoid contents, and electrolyte leakage was noted under stress conditions compared to the control. In this regard, the highest increase in leaf free proline, soluble sugars, and carotenoid contents were noted under the combination of severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stage. Investigating the growth indices in severe salinity and water deficit stress in different phenological stages shows the predominance of ionic stress over osmotic stress under severe salinity. The highest grain yield was observed under non-saline well-watered conditions whereas the lowest grain yield was recorded under severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stage. In conclusion, the flowering stage was more sensitive than the heading and kernel extension stages in terms of water deficit. The impact of salinity and water deficit was more pronounced on soluble sugars and leaf free proline; so, these criteria can be used as physiological indicators for drought and salinity tolerance in triticale.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Individual and combined drought and salt stresses significantly decreased chlorophyll contents, total dry matter and leaf area index of triticale.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Treatment
- drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stressese0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents, total dry matter, leaf area indexe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e1“The stresses, individual as well as combined, caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll contents, total dry matter, leaf area index, relative water content, and grain yield of triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual and combined drought and salt stresses significantly decreased relative water content and grain yield of triticale.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stressese0
- Outcome
- relative water content, and grain yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e1“The stresses, individual as well as combined, caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll contents, total dry matter, leaf area index, relative water content, and grain yield of triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress conditions increased soluble sugars, leaf free proline and carotenoid contents of triticale compared with the control.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- stress conditionse2
- Outcome
- soluble sugars, leaf free proline, carotenoid contentse2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e2“an increase in soluble sugars, leaf free proline, carotenoid contents, and electrolyte leakage was noted under stress conditions compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress conditions increased electrolyte leakage of triticale compared with the control.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- stress conditionse2
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e2“an increase in soluble sugars, leaf free proline, carotenoid contents, and electrolyte leakage was noted under stress conditions compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest grain yield of triticale was recorded under severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stage.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee3
- Treatment
- severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stagee3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- loweste3
- Comparator
- non-saline well-watered conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e3“The highest grain yield was observed under non-saline well-watered conditions whereas the lowest grain yield was recorded under severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest grain yield of triticale was observed under non-saline well-watered conditions.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- non-saline well-watered conditionse3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e3“The highest grain yield was observed under non-saline well-watered conditions whereas the lowest grain yield was recorded under severe salinity and drought stress imposed at the flowering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Ionic stress predominated over osmotic stress under severe salinity in triticale.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Outcome
- predominance of ionic stress over osmotic stresse4
- Qualifier
- under severe salinitye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e4“Investigating the growth indices in severe salinity and water deficit stress in different phenological stages shows the predominance of ionic stress over osmotic stress under severe salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
The flowering stage was more sensitive to water deficit than the heading and kernel extension stages in triticale.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee5
- Treatment
- water deficite5
- Outcome
- more sensitivee5
- Direction
- more sensitivee5
- Comparator
- heading and kernel extension stagese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e5“the flowering stage was more sensitive than the heading and kernel extension stages in terms of water deficit”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological indicators can be used to assess drought and salinity tolerance in triticale.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Outcome
- physiological indicators for drought and salinity tolerancee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
e6“these criteria can be used as physiological indicators for drought and salinity tolerance in triticale”
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