Abstract
Abstract In the cold zone of China, winter is cold and long and has a short duration of sunshine. Unheated earthen‐wall solar greenhouses are used for tomato production in winter in this region. This was an experimental investigation of different organic mulching materials (newspaper, bran, and grass) on the soil temperature, soil moisture, tomato yield, fruit quality, and water use efficiency. Organic mulching variously improved soil temperature, soil moisture, water use efficiency, and tomato yield, which is very important for greenhouse winter cultivation in this cold zone. Organic mulching regulated the soil temperature, with daily soil temperature ranges of bran, newspaper, and grass treatments being 1.6, 1.9, and 2.1°C lower than for bare land, respectively. Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%); bran mulching greatly increased soil temperature, moisture (16%), and WUE (WUE b , 60.1%; WUE y , 44.3%) and increased biomass (30.2%) and yield (17.3%); grass mulching greatly increased soil temperature and moisture (20.9%) and increased biomass (17.9%), yield (11.2%), and WUE (WUE b , 20.5%; WUE y , 13.6%). In addition, organic mulching had a good water retention effect on soil layer above 30 cm. The total soil water consumption during tomato growth was in the following order: newspaper (103 mm) > bare (74 mm) > grass (73 mm) > bran (60 mm). Soil water consumption mainly occurred in the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil layers.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Bran mulching lowered the daily soil temperature range by 1.6 relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- brane1
- Outcome
- daily soil temperature rangese1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 1.6e1
- Comparator
- bare lande1
- Setting
- cold zone of Chinat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e1“daily soil temperature ranges of bran, newspaper, and grass treatments being 1.6, 1.9, and 2.1°C lower than for bare land”
Claim · model-written summary
Newspaper mulching lowered the daily soil temperature range by 1.9 relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- newspapere1
- Outcome
- daily soil temperature rangese1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 1.9e1
- Comparator
- bare lande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e1“daily soil temperature ranges of bran, newspaper, and grass treatments being 1.6, 1.9, and 2.1°C lower than for bare land”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulching lowered the daily soil temperature range by 2.1 relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grasse1
- Outcome
- daily soil temperature rangese1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 2.1°Ce1
- Comparator
- bare lande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e1“daily soil temperature ranges of bran, newspaper, and grass treatments being 1.6, 1.9, and 2.1°C lower than for bare land”
Claim · model-written summary
Newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality compared with bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- newspaper mulchinge2
- Outcome
- soil temperature and fruit qualitye2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Newspaper mulching increased soil moisture by 14.1% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- newspaper mulchinge2
- Outcome
- soil moisturee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 14.1%e2
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Newspaper mulching increased WUE b by 31.3% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- newspaper mulchinge2
- Outcome
- WUE be2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 31.3%e2
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Newspaper mulching increased WUE y by 30.6% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- newspaper mulchinge2
- Outcome
- WUE ye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 30.6%e2
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Newspaper mulching increased tomato yield by 81.8% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- newspaper mulchinge2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 81.8%e2
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Newspaper mulching increased biomass by 82.7% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- newspaper mulchinge2
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 82.7%e2
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bran mulching increased soil moisture by 16% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bran mulchinge3
- Outcome
- moisturee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 16%e3
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e3“bran mulching greatly increased soil temperature, moisture (16%), and WUE (WUE b , 60.1%; WUE y , 44.3%) and increased biomass (30.2%) and yield (17.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bran mulching increased WUE b by 60.1% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bran mulchinge3
- Outcome
- WUE be3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 60.1%e3
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e3“bran mulching greatly increased soil temperature, moisture (16%), and WUE (WUE b , 60.1%; WUE y , 44.3%) and increased biomass (30.2%) and yield (17.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bran mulching increased WUE y by 44.3% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bran mulchinge3
- Outcome
- WUE ye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 44.3%e3
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e3“bran mulching greatly increased soil temperature, moisture (16%), and WUE (WUE b , 60.1%; WUE y , 44.3%) and increased biomass (30.2%) and yield (17.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bran mulching increased biomass by 30.2% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bran mulchinge3
- Outcome
- biomasse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 30.2%e3
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e3“bran mulching greatly increased soil temperature, moisture (16%), and WUE (WUE b , 60.1%; WUE y , 44.3%) and increased biomass (30.2%) and yield (17.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bran mulching increased tomato yield by 17.3% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bran mulchinge3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 17.3%e3
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e3“bran mulching greatly increased soil temperature, moisture (16%), and WUE (WUE b , 60.1%; WUE y , 44.3%) and increased biomass (30.2%) and yield (17.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulching increased soil moisture by 20.9% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grass mulchinge4
- Outcome
- moisturee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 20.9%e4
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e4“grass mulching greatly increased soil temperature and moisture (20.9%) and increased biomass (17.9%), yield (11.2%), and WUE (WUE b , 20.5%; WUE y , 13.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulching increased WUE b by 20.5% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grass mulchinge4
- Outcome
- WUE be4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 20.5%e4
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e4“grass mulching greatly increased soil temperature and moisture (20.9%) and increased biomass (17.9%), yield (11.2%), and WUE (WUE b , 20.5%; WUE y , 13.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulching increased WUE y by 13.6% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grass mulchinge4
- Outcome
- WUE ye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 13.6%e4
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e4“grass mulching greatly increased soil temperature and moisture (20.9%) and increased biomass (17.9%), yield (11.2%), and WUE (WUE b , 20.5%; WUE y , 13.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulching increased biomass by 17.9% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grass mulchinge4
- Outcome
- biomasse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 17.9%e4
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e4“grass mulching greatly increased soil temperature and moisture (20.9%) and increased biomass (17.9%), yield (11.2%), and WUE (WUE b , 20.5%; WUE y , 13.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulching increased tomato yield by 11.2% relative to bare land
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grass mulchinge4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 11.2%e4
- Comparator
- bare lande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e2“Compared to bare land, newspaper mulching had little effect on soil temperature and fruit quality, but increased soil moisture (14.1%) and water use efficiency (WUE: WUE b , 31.3%; WUE y , 30.6%), and greatly increased yield (81.8%) and biomass (82.7%)”
e4“grass mulching greatly increased soil temperature and moisture (20.9%) and increased biomass (17.9%), yield (11.2%), and WUE (WUE b , 20.5%; WUE y , 13.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soil water consumption during tomato growth ranked newspaper highest, then bare land, grass and bran
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- total soil water consumptione5
- Qualifier
- newspaper (103 mm) > bare (74 mm) > grass (73 mm) > bran (60 mm)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“greenhouse production of tomato under unheated greenhouse cultivation in the cold zone of China”
e5“The total soil water consumption during tomato growth was in the following order: newspaper (103 mm) > bare (74 mm) > grass (73 mm) > bran (60 mm)”
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