Abstract
Plants can sometimes be under the influence of more than one stress factor. In this case, combined stress factors can cause different responses in plants. In this study, the phytohormonal activity and hormone gene expressions of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were investigated in different drought levels and soils with different levels of cadmium accumulation. Plants were grown at 4 different cadmium (Cd) levels (Cd: 0, Cd1: 100, Cd2: 150, and Cd3: 200 mg kg$^{-1}$) and 3 irrigation levels (D0: 100%, D1: 75%, and D2: 50% of field capacity). Abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid contents and gene expressions related to them were investigated. As a result of the study, we determined that there was a significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd. Especially with the coexistence of both stress factors, this reducing effect (the reductions in these hormones were 86.6%, 64.1%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 45.5%, and 73.9% as compared to D0, respectively) on the measured parameters was greater. However, ABA content increased significantly with drought and/or Cd stresses, especially with Cd3D2, about a thousand times higher than the control. On the other hand, mRNA transcript levels of some hormone genes (ABA 8'-hydroxylase, adenylate isopentenyltransferase (AIPT3), auxin-related protein (AUX/ IAA), MeJA biosynthesis and gibberellin 20-oxidase and NRAMP2 gene known to be involved in Cd transport, were detected. According to the results, while ABA 8'-hydroxylase, gibberellin 20-oxidase, and NRAMP2 genes were overexpressed in all stress treatments, AIPT3 and AUX/IAA genes were down-regulated and also, MeJA biosynthesis gene varied depending on dose and stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought and Cd significantly decreased IAA content.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- increasing doses of drought and Cde0
- Outcome
- IAAe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 86.6%e1
- Comparator
- D0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd”
e1“the reductions in these hormones were 86.6%, 64.1%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 45.5%, and 73.9% as compared to D0, respectively”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought and Cd significantly decreased GA content by 64.1% under combined stress relative to D0.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of drought and Cde0
- Outcome
- GAe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 64.1%e1
- Comparator
- D0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd”
e1“the reductions in these hormones were 86.6%, 64.1%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 45.5%, and 73.9% as compared to D0, respectively”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought and Cd significantly decreased SA content by 71.9% under combined stress relative to D0.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of drought and Cde0
- Outcome
- SAe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 71.9%e1
- Comparator
- D0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd”
e1“the reductions in these hormones were 86.6%, 64.1%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 45.5%, and 73.9% as compared to D0, respectively”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought and Cd significantly decreased cytokinin content by 66.7% under combined stress relative to D0.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of drought and Cde0
- Outcome
- cytokinine0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 66.7%e1
- Comparator
- D0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd”
e1“the reductions in these hormones were 86.6%, 64.1%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 45.5%, and 73.9% as compared to D0, respectively”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought and Cd significantly decreased zeatin content by 45.5% under combined stress relative to D0.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of drought and Cde0
- Outcome
- zeatine0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 45.5%e1
- Comparator
- D0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd”
e1“the reductions in these hormones were 86.6%, 64.1%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 45.5%, and 73.9% as compared to D0, respectively”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing drought and Cd significantly decreased jasmonic acid content by 73.9% under combined stress relative to D0.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing doses of drought and Cde0
- Outcome
- jasmonic acide0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 73.9%e1
- Comparator
- D0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd”
e1“the reductions in these hormones were 86.6%, 64.1%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 45.5%, and 73.9% as compared to D0, respectively”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA content significantly increased with drought and/or Cd and was about a thousand times higher under Cd3D2 than control.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd3D2e0
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about a thousand timese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA content increased significantly with drought and/or Cd stresses, especially with Cd3D2, about a thousand times higher than the control”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA 8'-hydroxylase, gibberellin 20-oxidase, and NRAMP2 genes were overexpressed in all stress treatments.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- all stress treatmentse0
- Gene
- ABA 8'-hydroxylasee0
- Outcome
- genes were overexpressede0
- Direction
- overexpressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA 8'-hydroxylase, gibberellin 20-oxidase, and NRAMP2 genes were overexpressed in all stress treatments”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
AIPT3 and AUX/IAA genes were down-regulated under stress.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Gene
- AIPT3e0
- Outcome
- genes were down-regulatede0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AIPT3 and AUX/IAA genes were down-regulated”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJA biosynthesis gene expression varied with dose and stress.
- Taxon
- bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- dose and stresse0
- Gene
- MeJA biosynthesis genee0
- Outcome
- MeJA biosynthesis genee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MeJA biosynthesis gene varied depending on dose and stress”
t0“bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
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See all 23 papers →drought · physiology: hormones · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.