Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Soil salinization has become a major issue around the world in recent years, as it is one of the consequences of climate change as sea levels rise. It is crucial to lessen the severe consequences of soil salinization on plants. A pot experiment was conducted to regulate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in order to evaluate the ameliorative effects of potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) on Raphanus sativus L. genotypes under salt stress. The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish. Furthermore, MDA, H 2 O 2 initiation, and EL (%) of two varieties (40 day radish and Mino radish) of R. sativus increased significantly ( P < 0.05) by 86, 26, and 72%, respectively, in the roots and also increased by 76, 106, and 38% in the leaves in a 40 day radish, compared to the untreated plants. The results also elucidated that the contents of phenolic, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin in the two varieties (40 day radish and Mino radish) of R. sativus increased with the exogenous application of KNO 3 by 41, 43, 24, and 37%, respectively, in the 40 day radish grown under the controlled treatments. Results indicated that implementing KNO 3 exogenously in the soil increased the activities of antioxidants like SOD, CAT, POD, and APX by 64, 24, 36, and 84% in the roots and also increased by 21, 12, 23, and 60% in the leaves of 40 day radish while also increased by 42, 13, 18, and 60% in the roots and also increased by 13, 14, 16, and 41% in the leaves in Mino radish, respectively, in comparison to those plants grown without KNO 3 . We found that KNO 3 substantially improved plant growth by lowering the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, thereby further stimulating the antioxidant potential system, which led to an improved nutritional profile of both R. sativus L. genotypes under normal and stressed conditions. The current study would offer a deep theoretical foundation for clarifying the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which the KNO 3 improves salt tolerance in R. sativus L. genotypes.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish shoot length decreased by 43% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.
Raphanus sativust0 - Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 43e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish root length decreased by 67% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish shoot fresh weight decreased by 41% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 41e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish shoot dry weight decreased by 21% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 21e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish root fresh weight decreased by 34% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 34e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish root dry weight decreased by 28% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 28e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish number of leaves per plant decreased by 74% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- number of leaves per plante0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 74e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish leaf area decreased by 91% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 91e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish chlorophyll-a decreased by 50% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-ae0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish chlorophyll-b decreased by 41% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-be0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 41e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish total chlorophyll decreased by 24% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 24e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish carotenoid decreased by 34% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- carotenoide0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 34e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish net photosynthesis decreased by 14% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 14e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish stomatal conductance decreased by 26% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 26e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 day radish transpiration rate decreased by 67% under salinity stress
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusL.Raphanus sativust0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results from the present study illustrated that the salinity stress induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, leaf area chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate by 43, 67, 41, 21, 34, 28, 74, 91, 50, 41, 24, 34, 14, 26, and 67%, respectively, in a 40 day radish while decreased by 34, 61, 49, 19, 31, 27, 70, 81, 41, 16, 31, 11, 21, and 62%, respectively, in Mino radish.”
t0“Raphanus sativusL.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous KNO 3 increased phenolic content in 40 day radish by 41%
- Taxon
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- phenolice0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 41e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results also elucidated that the contents of phenolic, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin in the two varieties (40 day radish and Mino radish) of R. sativus increased with the exogenous application of KNO 3 by 41, 43, 24, and 37%, respectively, in the 40 day radish grown under the controlled treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous KNO 3 increased flavonoids content in 40 day radish by 43%
- Taxon
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results also elucidated that the contents of phenolic, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin in the two varieties (40 day radish and Mino radish) of R. sativus increased with the exogenous application of KNO 3 by 41, 43, 24, and 37%, respectively, in the 40 day radish grown under the controlled treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous KNO 3 increased ascorbic acid content in 40 day radish by 24%
- Taxon
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results also elucidated that the contents of phenolic, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin in the two varieties (40 day radish and Mino radish) of R. sativus increased with the exogenous application of KNO 3 by 41, 43, 24, and 37%, respectively, in the 40 day radish grown under the controlled treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous KNO 3 increased anthocyanin content in 40 day radish by 37%
- Taxon
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0
- Material
- 40 day radishe0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results also elucidated that the contents of phenolic, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin in the two varieties (40 day radish and Mino radish) of R. sativus increased with the exogenous application of KNO 3 by 41, 43, 24, and 37%, respectively, in the 40 day radish grown under the controlled treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
KNO 3 improved growth and nutritional profile of both radish genotypes under normal and stressed conditions
- Taxon
- R. sativus L.Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- KNO 3e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Qualifier
- lowering the levels of oxidative stress biomarkerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that KNO 3 substantially improved plant growth by lowering the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, thereby further stimulating the antioxidant potential system, which led to an improved nutritional profile of both R. sativus L. genotypes under normal and stressed conditions.”
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