Abstract
Abstract Forage crop productivity has lately reduced in countries located in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide due to intensive consumption and the successive years of drought. This problem is exacerbated by the progress of water scarcity. Thus, the current study is aimed at improving the forage productivity and quality of clitoria as a leguminous fodder crop to be involved in crop rotations under low water supply conditions. As an attempt for facing the drought issue, a two-year (SI and SII) field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of irrigation pattern (IP) and plant density (PD) on clitoria morpho-physiological attributes, nutritive value, productivity, and irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) in two growth cycles (GCI and GCII). Based on the soil water depletion method, three irrigation patterns of 100% (IP 0% , full irrigation), 80% (IP 20% ), and 60% (IP 40% ) were applied. The tested plant densities were 33 (PD 33 ), 22 (PD 22 ), and 17 (PD 17 ) plants m −2 . Findings revealed that IP 0% × PD 22 was the efficient treatment for enhancing the physio-biochemical attributes. However, in SI IP 0% × PD 22 statistically at par ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 22 , and IP 20% × PD 17 (for chlorophyll content in GCI); IP 0% × PD 17 and IP 20% × PD 22 (for leaf relative water content in GCII); and IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 33 , and IP 20% × PD 22 (for cell membrane stability index in GCII). Along the two seasons, IP 40% × PD 33 was the potent practice for producing the highest leaf: stem ratio in both GCI (2.07 and 1.78) and GCII (1.18 and 0.96). Under IP 40% , PD 33 treatment recorded the greatest protein content in both GCI (24.1–27.0%) and GCII (21.7–19.5%) of SI and SII equaling PD 22 in GCII (21.2–18.9%) of both seasons and PD 17 in both GCI (24.0%) and GCII (21.5%) of SI and GCII (19.3%) of SII. The best aggregate protein yield for SI and SII was obtained under IP 20% × PD 33 interaction (1.36 and 1.40 t ha −1 ) without significant difference ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33 interactions. The greatest aggregate dry forage yield was observed in SI under IP 0% or IP 20% combined with PD 33 (7.77 and 7.52 t ha −1 ) which did not differ significantly ( p ≥0.05). It could be concluded that irrigation by 80% water of full irrigation was found to be an efficient water-saving tactic coupled with adjusting the plant density of 33 plants m −2 , which improved clitoria forage quantitative and qualitative properties, in addition to enhancing IWUE. Since leaf relative water content and cell membrane stability index decreased and proline increased in plant tissues under deficit water, clitoria is plant considered a moderately drought tolerant. Thus, clitoria is a promising plant could be successfully grown under arid agro-ecosystems.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
IP 0% × PD 22 was the efficient treatment for enhancing physio-biochemical attributes of clitoria.
ClitoriaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Findings revealed that IP 0% × PD 22 was the efficient treatment for enhancing the physio-biochemical attributes”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 0% × PD 22 was at par with IP 0% × PD 33, IP 20% × PD 22 and IP 20% × PD 17 for chlorophyll content in GCI.
- Treatment
- IP 0% × PD 22e2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- at pare2
- Comparator
- IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 22 , and IP 20% × PD 17e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, in SI IP 0% × PD 22 statistically at par ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 22 , and IP 20% × PD 17 (for chlorophyll content in GCI); IP 0% × PD 17 and IP 20% × PD 22 (for leaf relative water content in GCII); and IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 33 , and IP 20% × PD 22 (for cell membrane stability index in GCII)”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 0% × PD 22 was at par with IP 0% × PD 17 and IP 20% × PD 22 for leaf relative water content in GCII.
- Treatment
- IP 0% × PD 22e2
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente2
- Direction
- at pare2
- Comparator
- IP 0% × PD 17 and IP 20% × PD 22e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, in SI IP 0% × PD 22 statistically at par ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 22 , and IP 20% × PD 17 (for chlorophyll content in GCI); IP 0% × PD 17 and IP 20% × PD 22 (for leaf relative water content in GCII); and IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 33 , and IP 20% × PD 22 (for cell membrane stability index in GCII)”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 0% × PD 22 was at par with IP 0% × PD 33, IP 20% × PD 33 and IP 20% × PD 22 for cell membrane stability index in GCII.
- Treatment
- IP 0% × PD 22e2
- Outcome
- cell membrane stability indexe2
- Direction
- at pare2
- Comparator
- IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 33 , and IP 20% × PD 22e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“However, in SI IP 0% × PD 22 statistically at par ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 22 , and IP 20% × PD 17 (for chlorophyll content in GCI); IP 0% × PD 17 and IP 20% × PD 22 (for leaf relative water content in GCII); and IP 0% × PD 33 , IP 20% × PD 33 , and IP 20% × PD 22 (for cell membrane stability index in GCII)”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 40% × PD 33 gave the highest leaf:stem ratio in GCI (2.07 and 1.78).
- Treatment
- IP 40% × PD 33e3
- Outcome
- leaf: stem ratioe3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 2.07 and 1.78e3
- Qualifier
- both GCIe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“IP 40% × PD 33 was the potent practice for producing the highest leaf: stem ratio in both GCI (2.07 and 1.78) and GCII (1.18 and 0.96)”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 40% × PD 33 gave the highest leaf:stem ratio in GCII (1.18 and 0.96).
- Treatment
- IP 40% × PD 33e3
- Outcome
- leaf: stem ratioe3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 1.18 and 0.96e3
- Qualifier
- GCIIe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“IP 40% × PD 33 was the potent practice for producing the highest leaf: stem ratio in both GCI (2.07 and 1.78) and GCII (1.18 and 0.96)”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 40% × PD 33 recorded the greatest protein content in GCI (24.1–27.0%).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Under IP 40% , PD 33 treatment recorded the greatest protein content in both GCI (24.1–27.0%) and GCII (21.7–19.5%) of SI and SII”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 40% × PD 33 recorded the greatest protein content in GCII (21.7–19.5%).
- Treatment
- IP 40% , PD 33e4
- Outcome
- protein contente4
- Direction
- greateste4
- Value
- 21.7–19.5%e4
- Qualifier
- GCIIe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Under IP 40% , PD 33 treatment recorded the greatest protein content in both GCI (24.1–27.0%) and GCII (21.7–19.5%) of SI and SII”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 20% × PD 33 gave the best aggregate protein yield in SI (1.36 t ha −1), not significantly different from IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33.
- Treatment
- IP 20% × PD 33e5
- Outcome
- aggregate protein yielde5
- Direction
- beste5
- Value
- 1.36e5
- Qualifier
- SIe5
- Comparator
- IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The best aggregate protein yield for SI and SII was obtained under IP 20% × PD 33 interaction (1.36 and 1.40 t ha −1 ) without significant difference ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33 interactions”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
IP 20% × PD 33 gave the best aggregate protein yield in SII (1.40 t ha −1), not significantly different from IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33.
- Treatment
- IP 20% × PD 33e5
- Outcome
- aggregate protein yielde5
- Direction
- beste5
- Value
- 1.40e5
- Qualifier
- SIIe5
- Comparator
- IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The best aggregate protein yield for SI and SII was obtained under IP 20% × PD 33 interaction (1.36 and 1.40 t ha −1 ) without significant difference ( p ≥0.05) with IP 0% × PD 33 or IP 40% × PD 33 interactions”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest aggregate dry forage yield in SI, under IP 0% or IP 20% combined with PD 33, was 7.77 and 7.52 t ha−1 without significant difference.
- Treatment
- IP 0% or IP 20% combined with PD 33e6
- Outcome
- aggregate dry forage yielde6
- Direction
- greateste6
- Value
- 7.77 and 7.52e6
- Qualifier
- SIe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The greatest aggregate dry forage yield was observed in SI under IP 0% or IP 20% combined with PD 33 (7.77 and 7.52 t ha −1 )”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 80% of full water with 33 plants m−2 is recommended as an efficient water-saving tactic for clitoria.
- Treatment
- irrigation by 80% water of full irrigatione7
- Outcome
- efficient water-saving tactice7
- Qualifier
- 33 plants m −2e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“It could be concluded that irrigation by 80% water of full irrigation was found to be an efficient water-saving tactic coupled with adjusting the plant density of 33 plants m −2”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant density of 33 plants m−2 with 80% irrigation improved clitoria forage quantitative and qualitative properties.
- Treatment
- adjusting the plant density of 33 plants m −2e7
- Outcome
- forage quantitative and qualitative propertiese7
- Direction
- improvede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“It could be concluded that irrigation by 80% water of full irrigation was found to be an efficient water-saving tactic coupled with adjusting the plant density of 33 plants m −2 , which improved clitoria forage quantitative and qualitative properties, in addition to enhancing IWUE”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 80% of full water enhanced irrigation water-use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“It could be concluded that irrigation by 80% water of full irrigation was found to be an efficient water-saving tactic coupled with adjusting the plant density of 33 plants m −2 , which improved clitoria forage quantitative and qualitative properties, in addition to enhancing IWUE”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf relative water content decreased under deficit water in clitoria.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Since leaf relative water content and cell membrane stability index decreased and proline increased in plant tissues under deficit water, clitoria is plant considered a moderately drought tolerant”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell membrane stability index decreased under deficit water in clitoria.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Since leaf relative water content and cell membrane stability index decreased and proline increased in plant tissues under deficit water, clitoria is plant considered a moderately drought tolerant”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased under deficit water in clitoria.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Since leaf relative water content and cell membrane stability index decreased and proline increased in plant tissues under deficit water, clitoria is plant considered a moderately drought tolerant”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Clitoria is moderately drought tolerant.
- Outcome
- moderately drought tolerante7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Since leaf relative water content and cell membrane stability index decreased and proline increased in plant tissues under deficit water, clitoria is plant considered a moderately drought tolerant”
t0“Forage Clitoria”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · yield · ClitoriaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.