Abstract
Doubled haploid (DH) technology has become integral to maize breeding programs to expedite inbred line development and increase the efficiency of breeding operations. Unlike many other plant species that use in vitro methods, DH production in maize uses a relatively simple and efficient in vivo haploid induction method. However, it takes two complete crop cycles for DH line generation, one for haploid induction and the other one for chromosome doubling and seed production. Rescuing in vivo induced haploid embryos has the potential to reduce the time for DH line development and improve the efficiency of DH line production. However, the identification of a few haploid embryos (~10%) resulting from an induction cross from the rest of the diploid embryos is a challenge. In this study, we demonstrated that an anthocyanin marker, namely R1-nj, which is integrated into most haploid inducers, can aid in distinguishing haploid and diploid embryos. Further, we tested conditions that enhance R1-nj anthocyanin marker expression in embryos and found that light and sucrose enhance anthocyanin expression, while phosphorous deprivation in the media had no affect. Validating the use of the R1-nj marker for haploid and diploid embryo identification using a gold standard classification based on visual differences among haploids and diploids for characteristics such as seedling vigor, erectness of leaves, tassel fertility, etc., indicated that the R1-nj marker could lead to significantly high false positives, necessitating the use of additional markers for increased accuracy and reliability of haploid embryo identification.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
R1-nj aided distinction of haploid and diploid maize embryos.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an anthocyanin marker, namely R1-nj, which is integrated into most haploid inducers, can aid in distinguishing haploid and diploid embryos.”
t0“Maize Haploid Embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Light enhanced R1-nj anthocyanin expression in embryos.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“light and sucrose enhance anthocyanin expression, while phosphorous deprivation in the media had no affect.”
e1“an anthocyanin marker, namely R1-nj, which is integrated into most haploid inducers, can aid in distinguishing haploid and diploid embryos.”
t0“Maize Haploid Embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose enhanced anthocyanin expression in embryos.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“light and sucrose enhance anthocyanin expression, while phosphorous deprivation in the media had no affect.”
t0“Maize Haploid Embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorous deprivation in the media had no effect on anthocyanin expression.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“light and sucrose enhance anthocyanin expression, while phosphorous deprivation in the media had no affect.”
t0“Maize Haploid Embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
R1-nj identification gave significantly high false positives relative to visual classification.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the R1-nj marker could lead to significantly high false positives, necessitating the use of additional markers for increased accuracy and reliability of haploid embryo identification.”
e1“a gold standard classification based on visual differences among haploids and diploids”
t0“Maize Haploid Embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that additional markers are needed for more accurate and reliable haploid embryo identification.
- Outcome
- use of additional markerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“necessitating the use of additional markers for increased accuracy and reliability of haploid embryo identification.”
t0“Maize Haploid Embryos”
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