Abstract
Heavy metal ions, in particular cadmium (Cd), have a negative impact on the growth and productivity of major crops, including wheat. The use of environmentally friendly approaches, in particular, bacteria that have a growth-stimulating and protective effect, can increase the resistance of plants. The effects of the pre-sowing seed treatment with the plant growth-promoting endophyte Bacillus subtilis 10-4 (BS) on cadmium acetate (Cd)-stressed Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) growth, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress parameters, roots’ lignin content, and Cd ions accumulation in plants were analyzed. The results showed that the tested Cd-tolerant BS improved the ability of wheat seeds to germinate in the presence of different Cd concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM). In addition, the bacterial treatment significantly decreased the damaging effects of Cd stress (1 mM) on seedlings’ linear dimensions (lengths of roots and shoots), biomass, as well as on the integrity and permeability of the cell walls (i.e., lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage) and resulted in reduced H2O2 generation. The pretreatment with BS prevented the Cd-induced degradation of the leaf photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids. Moreover, the bacterial treatment intensified the lignin deposition in the roots under normal and, especially, Cd stress conditions, thereby enhancing the barrier properties of the cell wall. This manifested in a reduced Cd ions accumulation in the roots and in the restriction of its translocation to the aboveground parts (shoots) of the bacterized plants under Cd stress in comparison with non-bacterized controls. Thus, the pre-sowing seed treatment with the endophyte BS may serve as an eco-friendly approach to improve wheat production in Cd-contaminated areas.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus treatment improved wheat seed germination at tested cadmium concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- BSe0
- Interactor
- BSe0symbiont
- Outcome
- ability of wheat seeds to germinatee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tested Cd-tolerant BS improved the ability of wheat seeds to germinate in the presence of different Cd concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment reduced cadmium damage to seedling root and shoot lengths.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bacterial treatmente0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilist0symbiont - Outcome
- seedlings’ linear dimensions (lengths of roots and shoots)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacterial treatment significantly decreased the damaging effects of Cd stress (1 mM) on seedlings’ linear dimensions (lengths of roots and shoots)”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment reduced cadmium damage to seedling biomass.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bacterial treatmente0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilist0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacterial treatment significantly decreased the damaging effects of Cd stress (1 mM) on seedlings’ linear dimensions (lengths of roots and shoots), biomass”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bacterial treatmente0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilist0symbiont
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacterial treatment significantly decreased the damaging effects of Cd stress (1 mM) on seedlings’ linear dimensions (lengths of roots and shoots), biomass, as well as on the integrity and permeability of the cell walls (i.e., lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage)”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment reduced hydrogen peroxide generation.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilist0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilist0symbiont
- Outcome
- H2O2 generatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in reduced H2O2 generation.”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus pretreatment prevented loss of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pretreatment with BSe0
- Interactor
- BSe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pretreatment with BS prevented the Cd-induced degradation of the leaf photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids.”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatment increased root lignin deposition, especially under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bacterial treatmente0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilist0symbiont
- Outcome
- lignin deposition in the rootse0
- Direction
- intensifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacterial treatment intensified the lignin deposition in the roots under normal and, especially, Cd stress conditions”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterized wheat accumulated less cadmium in roots than untreated controls.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bacterized plantse0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilist0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd ions accumulation in the rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- non-bacterized controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced Cd ions accumulation in the roots and in the restriction of its translocation to the aboveground parts (shoots) of the bacterized plants under Cd stress in comparison with non-bacterized controls.”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterized wheat restricted cadmium movement into shoots relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- Wheat PlantsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bacterized plantse0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilist0symbiont
- Outcome
- translocation to the aboveground parts (shoots)e0
- Direction
- restrictione0
- Comparator
- non-bacterized controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“restriction of its translocation to the aboveground parts (shoots) of the bacterized plants under Cd stress in comparison with non-bacterized controls.”
t0“Bacillus subtilis Reduces the Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose presowing endophyte treatment to improve wheat production on cadmium contaminated land.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- BSe0symbiont
- Outcome
- pre-sowing seed treatment with the endophyte BSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pre-sowing seed treatment with the endophyte BS may serve as an eco-friendly approach to improve wheat production in Cd-contaminated areas.”
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