Abstract
Four biotic factors respecting the corn plant affect the virulence of the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae such as corn genotype, corn age, corn nutritional status, and cropping sequence regime. For the first factor, when two local corn cultivars, namely, Giza 2 (susceptible) and Kahera 1 (resistant), were subjected to the infection by H. zeae to determine the biotic effect of the host susceptibility on development and reproduction of the nematode, the final population and rate of build-up of the nematode were more remarkable on Giza 2 cultivar than on Kahera 1. Due to the high suitability of Giza 2 for nematode reproduction, there was more pronounced damage to plant growth in Giza 2 than in Kahera 1. As for the second factor, the nematode final population and rate of buildup correlated negatively with the host age, which multiplied highly and was more virulent on the youngest seedlings than on the oldest plants. Studies on the effect of N, P and/ or K fertilizers applied to Giza 2 corn on the behaviour of H. zeae revealed that the nematode population greatly varied according to the fertilizer type and level. When N, P, or K were used separately, the fertilized plants sustained the lowest nematode final population and rate of build-up as compared with those of the control plants; however, the recommended levels of these fertilizers caused the lower values amongst the applied fertilizers levels and achieved higher increase in the plant growth parameters. As for the N, P, and K used in different combinations, a similar trend was noticed when the recommended levels of the fertilizers were applied to plants. It is worthy of notice that when phosphorus was decreased or nitrogen increased, in combination with the other elements at their recommended levels, the nematode reproduced well and folded several times. Also, population dynamics of juveniles and cysts of H. zeae under the stress of a cropping sequence regime revealed that the average number in each stage greatly fluctuated. The density of juveniles or cysts gradually increased with the favorable host (Giza 2 corn) to reach its peak at the crop maturity, while the nematode population dropped sharply when the field became fallow. Likewise, the population densities of the previous stages declined gradually, even in the presence of the non-host crop (Egyptian clover CV. Meskawii).
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
H. zeae final population and buildup were greater on Giza 2 than Kahera 1.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Material
- Giza 2 cultivare0
- Outcome
- final population and rate of build-up of the nematodee0
- Direction
- more remarkablee0
- Comparator
- Kahera 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the final population and rate of build-up of the nematode were more remarkable on Giza 2 cultivar than on Kahera 1”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza 2 sustained more plant growth damage than Kahera 1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Giza 2e0
- Outcome
- damage to plant growthe0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- Kahera 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was more pronounced damage to plant growth in Giza 2 than in Kahera 1”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode final population and buildup were negatively correlated with host age.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- host agee0
- Outcome
- nematode final population and rate of buildupe0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nematode final population and rate of buildup correlated negatively with the host age”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
The nematode multiplied more and was more virulent on youngest seedlings than oldest plants.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- youngest seedlingse0
- Interactor
- H. zeaeHeterodera zeaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- virulente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- oldest plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which multiplied highly and was more virulent on the youngest seedlings than on the oldest plants”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
e1“by H. zeae to determine”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode population varied with fertilizer type and level.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fertilizer type and levele0
- Outcome
- nematode populatione0
- Direction
- greatly variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nematode population greatly varied according to the fertilizer type and level”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Separate N, P, or K fertilization lowered nematode final population and buildup against controls.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N, P, or K were used separatelye0
- Outcome
- nematode final population and rate of build-upe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When N, P, or K were used separately, the fertilized plants sustained the lowest nematode final population and rate of build-up as compared with those of the control plants”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended fertilizer levels lowered nematode measures among fertilizer levels.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- recommended levels of these fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- lower valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- applied fertilizers levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the recommended levels of these fertilizers caused the lower values amongst the applied fertilizers levels”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended fertilizer levels increased corn growth parameters.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- recommended levels of these fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- higher increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommended levels of these fertilizers caused the lower values amongst the applied fertilizers levels and achieved higher increase in the plant growth parameters”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended combinations of N, P, and K showed a similar favorable trend.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K used in different combinationse0
- Outcome
- similar trende0
- Direction
- similar trende0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As for the N, P, and K used in different combinations, a similar trend was noticed when the recommended levels of the fertilizers were applied to plants.”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreased P or increased N within otherwise recommended fertilizer combinations favored nematode reproduction.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- phosphorus was decreased or nitrogen increasede0
- Outcome
- nematode reproducede0
- Direction
- reproduced welle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when phosphorus was decreased or nitrogen increased, in combination with the other elements at their recommended levels, the nematode reproduced well and folded several times”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Juvenile and cyst densities fluctuated under cropping sequences.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- cropping sequence regimee0
- Interactor
- H. zeaeHeterodera zeaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- average number in each stagee0
- Direction
- greatly fluctuatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“population dynamics of juveniles and cysts of H. zeae under the stress of a cropping sequence regime revealed that the average number in each stage greatly fluctuated”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Juvenile and cyst densities rose on Giza 2 corn and peaked at crop maturity.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Giza 2e0
- Organ / stage
- crop maturitye0
- Outcome
- density of juveniles or cystse0
- Direction
- gradually increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The density of juveniles or cysts gradually increased with the favorable host (Giza 2 corn) to reach its peak at the crop maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode population dropped sharply during fallow.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fallowe0
- Outcome
- nematode populatione0
- Direction
- dropped sharplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nematode population dropped sharply when the field became fallow”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Juvenile and cyst densities declined during Egyptian clover cultivation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Egyptian clover CV. Meskawiie0
- Outcome
- population densities of the previous stagese0
- Direction
- declined graduallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the population densities of the previous stages declined gradually, even in the presence of the non-host crop (Egyptian clover CV. Meskawii)”
t0“Host Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera zeae on Corn in Egypt”
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