Abstract
Low temperature combined with low light (LL stress) is a typical environmental stress that limits peppers’ productivity, yield, and quality in northwestern China. Glycine betaine (GB), an osmoregulatory substance, has increasingly valuable effects on plant stress resistance. In this study, pepper seedlings were treated with different concentrations of GB under LL stress, and 20 mM of GB was the best treatment. To further explore the mechanism of GB in response to LL stress, four treatments, including CK (normal temperature and light, 28/18 °C, 300 μmol m−2 s−1), CB (normal temperature and light + 20 mM GB), LL (10/5 °C, 100 μmol m−2 s−1), and LB (10/5 °C, 100 μmol m−2 s−1 + 20 mM GB), were investigated in terms of pepper growth, biomass accumulation, photosynthetic capacity, expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb, cell membrane permeability, antioxidant enzyme gene expression and activity, and subcellular localization. The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content; upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively; enhancing the fluorescence intensity (OJIP curves), the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′), qP, and NPQ; improving the light energy distribution of PSΠ (Y(II), Y(NPQ), and Y(NO)); and increasing the photochemical reaction fraction and reduced heat dissipation, thereby increasing plant height by 4.64% and shoot bioaccumulation by 13.55%. The pre-spraying of GB under LL stress also upregulated the gene expression of CaSOD, CaPOD, and CaCAT; increased the activity of the ROS-scavenging ability in the pepper leaves; and coordinately increased the SOD activity in the mitochondria, the POD activity in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, and the CAT activity in the cytosol, which improved the LL resistance of the pepper plants by reducing excess H2O2, O2−, MDA, and soluble protein levels in the leaf cells, leading to reduced biological membrane damage. Overall, pre-spraying with GB effectively alleviated the negative effects of LL stress in pepper seedlings.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying significantly alleviated growth inhibition under low temperature and light.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Capsicum annuumt0 - Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse0
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- LL stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying increased pepper seedling height by 4.64% under low temperature and light.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.64%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying increased root activity by 63.53%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 63.53%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying decreased photoinhibition.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse0
- Outcome
- photoinhibitione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- LL stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying increased chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- LL stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated Capsb A expression by 30.29%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Gene
- Capsb Ae0
- Outcome
- expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb Ae0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
- Value
- 30.29%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated Capsb B expression by 36.69%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Gene
- Capsb Be0
- Outcome
- expression levels of encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
- Value
- 36.69%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated Capsb C expression by 18.81%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Gene
- Capsb Ce0
- Outcome
- expression levels of encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
- Value
- 18.81%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated Capsb D expression by 30.05%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Gene
- Capsb De0
- Outcome
- expression levels of encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
- Value
- 30.05%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated Capsb S expression by 9.01%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Gene
- Capsb Se0
- Outcome
- expression levels of encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
- Value
- 9.01%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated Capsb P1 expression by 6.21%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Gene
- Capsb P1e0
- Outcome
- expression levels of encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
- Value
- 6.21%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated Capsb P2 expression by 16.45%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Gene
- Capsb P2e0
- Outcome
- expression levels of encoded proteinse0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
- Value
- 16.45%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying enhanced fluorescence intensity, photochemical efficiency, qP and NPQ.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- fluorescence intensity (OJIP curves), the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′), qP, and NPQe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“enhancing the fluorescence intensity (OJIP curves), the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′), qP, and NPQ; improving the light energy distribution of PSΠ (Y(II), Y(NPQ), and Y(NO)); and increasing the photochemical reaction fraction and reduced heat dissipation, thereby increasing plant height by 4.64% and shoot bioaccumulation by 13.55%”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying increased the photochemical reaction fraction.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- photochemical reaction fractione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“enhancing the fluorescence intensity (OJIP curves), the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′), qP, and NPQ; improving the light energy distribution of PSΠ (Y(II), Y(NPQ), and Y(NO)); and increasing the photochemical reaction fraction and reduced heat dissipation, thereby increasing plant height by 4.64% and shoot bioaccumulation by 13.55%”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying reduced heat dissipation.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- heat dissipatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“enhancing the fluorescence intensity (OJIP curves), the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′), qP, and NPQ; improving the light energy distribution of PSΠ (Y(II), Y(NPQ), and Y(NO)); and increasing the photochemical reaction fraction and reduced heat dissipation, thereby increasing plant height by 4.64% and shoot bioaccumulation by 13.55%”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying increased shoot bioaccumulation by 13.55%.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- shoot bioaccumulatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 13.55%e0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“enhancing the fluorescence intensity (OJIP curves), the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv′/Fm′), qP, and NPQ; improving the light energy distribution of PSΠ (Y(II), Y(NPQ), and Y(NO)); and increasing the photochemical reaction fraction and reduced heat dissipation, thereby increasing plant height by 4.64% and shoot bioaccumulation by 13.55%”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying upregulated CaSOD, CaPOD and CaCAT expression.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- gene expression of CaSOD, CaPOD, and CaCATe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The pre-spraying of GB under LL stress also upregulated the gene expression of CaSOD, CaPOD, and CaCAT; increased the activity of the ROS-scavenging ability in the pepper leaves; and coordinately increased the SOD activity in the mitochondria, the POD activity in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, and the CAT activity in the cytosol, which improved the LL resistance of the pepper plants by reducing excess H2O2, O2−, MDA, and soluble protein levels in the leaf cells, leading to reduced biological membrane damage”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying increased ROS-scavenging, SOD, POD and CAT activities in pepper leaves.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- activity of the ROS-scavenging ability in the pepper leaves; and coordinately increased the SOD activity in the mitochondria, the POD activity in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, and the CAT activity in the cytosole0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The pre-spraying of GB under LL stress also upregulated the gene expression of CaSOD, CaPOD, and CaCAT; increased the activity of the ROS-scavenging ability in the pepper leaves; and coordinately increased the SOD activity in the mitochondria, the POD activity in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, and the CAT activity in the cytosol, which improved the LL resistance of the pepper plants by reducing excess H2O2, O2−, MDA, and soluble protein levels in the leaf cells, leading to reduced biological membrane damage”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying improved low temperature and light resistance by reducing H2O2, O2−, MDA and soluble protein levels.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- H2O2, O2−, MDA, and soluble protein levelse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The pre-spraying of GB under LL stress also upregulated the gene expression of CaSOD, CaPOD, and CaCAT; increased the activity of the ROS-scavenging ability in the pepper leaves; and coordinately increased the SOD activity in the mitochondria, the POD activity in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, and the CAT activity in the cytosol, which improved the LL resistance of the pepper plants by reducing excess H2O2, O2−, MDA, and soluble protein levels in the leaf cells, leading to reduced biological membrane damage”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
GB pre-spraying reduced biological membrane damage.
- Taxon
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- pre-spraying of GB under LL stresse1
- Outcome
- biological membrane damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- LL stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)”
e0“The pre-spraying of GB under LL stress also upregulated the gene expression of CaSOD, CaPOD, and CaCAT; increased the activity of the ROS-scavenging ability in the pepper leaves; and coordinately increased the SOD activity in the mitochondria, the POD activity in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, and the CAT activity in the cytosol, which improved the LL resistance of the pepper plants by reducing excess H2O2, O2−, MDA, and soluble protein levels in the leaf cells, leading to reduced biological membrane damage”
e1“The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content”
The same questions in other papers
glycine betaine · physiology: photosynthesis · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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glycine betaine · growth · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.