Abstract
Background Root rot diseases are prevalent in many Coptis chinensis Franch. production areas, perhaps partially due to the overuse of synthetic fertilizers. Synthetic fertilizers can also lead to soil degradation. Trichoderma is widely used in biofertilizers and biopesticides. This study applied a combination of four Trichoderma species (compound Trichoderma agent, CTA) to C. chinensis and evaluated its effects on growth, as well as rhizosphere soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial community structure. The purpose of this study was to estimate the potential of using CTA as a biofertilizer for C. chinensis , and determine if it could, at least partially, replace synthetic fertilizers to control root rot disease and maintain soil fertility. Method CTA, compound fertilizer and sterile water were applied to C. chinensis plants. After 60 days, the soluble sugar, soluble protein, chlorophyll of leaves, and individual weight of each plant were measured. The rhizosphere soil nutrient content, enzymatic activity, and the microbial community were also determined. The results were analyzed to evaluate the effect of CTA on C. chinensis growth and soil fertility. Results CTA increased the soluble protein, chlorophyll, and individual weight of C. chinensis plants while compound fertilizer decreased chlorophyll. CTA increased the activities of urease and catalase in rhizosphere soil, whereas the compound fertilizer decreased urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. CTA elevated soil pH, while compound fertilizer reduced it. CTA had no significant effects on soil nutrients and organic matter. CTA decreased the fungal number and alpha-diversity of fungi and bacteria, and both the fungal and bacterial communities were significantly different from the other two. CTA increased B/F value, which improved the rhizosphere microbial community. Both CTA and the compound fertilizer significantly altered the soil microbial community. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher and Basidiomycota was lower after CTA treatment than after the other two treatments, indicating that the soil treated with CTA was healthier than that of the other two treatments. CTA decreased harmful Ilyonectria mors-panacis and Corynebacterium sp. And increased beneficial Ralstonia picketti. Trichoderma spp. could exist in C. chinensis rhizosphere soil for a long time. The functional prediction results demonstrated that CTA reduced some rhizosphere phytopathogenic fungi. Correlation analysis showed that CTA elevated rhizosphere pH and enzyme activities. In summary, synthetic fertilizers damaged soil fertility, and the overuse of them might be responsible for root rot disease, while CTA could promote C. chinensis growth, improve soil and decrease the incidence and severity of C. chinensis root rot disease. Therefore, as a biofertilizer, CTA can, at least partially, replace synthetic fertilizers in C. chinensis production. Combining it with organic fertilizer will increase the potential of Trichoderma .
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
CTA increased soluble protein, chlorophyll, and individual plant weight.
- Taxon
- C. chinensisCoptis chinensise0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Outcome
- soluble protein, chlorophyll, and individual weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA increased the soluble protein, chlorophyll, and individual weight of C. chinensis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound fertilizer decreased chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- compound fertilizere0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“compound fertilizer decreased chlorophyll.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA increased rhizosphere urease and catalase activities.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Outcome
- activities of urease and catalase in rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA increased the activities of urease and catalase in rhizosphere soil”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound fertilizer decreased rhizosphere urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase activities.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- compound fertilizere0
- Outcome
- urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“compound fertilizer decreased urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase activities.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA elevated soil pH.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA elevated soil pH”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound fertilizer reduced soil pH.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- compound fertilizere0
- Outcome
- ite0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“compound fertilizer reduced it.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA had no significant effect on soil nutrients or organic matter.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Outcome
- soil nutrients and organic mattere0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA had no significant effects on soil nutrients and organic matter.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA decreased fungal number and fungal and bacterial alpha diversity.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Outcome
- fungal number and alpha-diversity of fungi and bacteriae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA decreased the fungal number and alpha-diversity of fungi and bacteria”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA significantly changed fungal and bacterial community composition relative to both other treatments.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Outcome
- fungal and bacterial communitiese0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- the other twoe0
Not reportedTreatment
Verbatim
e0“both the fungal and bacterial communities were significantly different from the other two.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA increased the rhizosphere B/F value.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Outcome
- B/F valuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA increased B/F value, which improved the rhizosphere microbial community.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA and compound fertilizer significantly altered soil microbial communities.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTA and the compound fertilizere0
- Outcome
- soil microbial communitye0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Both CTA and the compound fertilizer significantly altered the soil microbial community.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA increased relative abundance of Ascomycota compared with the other treatments.
Verbatim
e0“relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher and Basidiomycota was lower after CTA treatment than after the other two treatments”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA reduced relative abundance of Basidiomycota compared with the other treatments.
Verbatim
e0“relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher and Basidiomycota was lower after CTA treatment than after the other two treatments”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA decreased Ilyonectria mors-panacis.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Interactor
- Ilyonectria mors-panacisIlyonectria mors-panacise0pathogen
- Outcome
- Ilyonectria mors-panacise0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA decreased harmful Ilyonectria mors-panacis”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA decreased Corynebacterium sp.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Interactor
- Corynebacterium sp.
Corynebacteriume0pathogen - Outcome
- Corynebacterium sp.e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CTA decreased harmful Ilyonectria mors-panacis and Corynebacterium sp.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA increased beneficial Ralstonia picketti.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia pickettie0symbiont
- Outcome
- Ralstonia pickettie0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“increased beneficial Ralstonia picketti.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma spp. persisted in the rhizosphere for a long time.
- Taxon
- C. chinensisCoptis chinensise0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp.
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- could exist in C. chinensis rhizosphere soil for a long timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma spp. could exist in C. chinensis rhizosphere soil for a long time.”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional prediction indicated that CTA reduced some rhizosphere phytopathogenic fungi.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Interactor
- phytopathogenic fungie0pathogen
- Outcome
- rhizosphere phytopathogenic fungie0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“CTA reduced some rhizosphere phytopathogenic fungi.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
CTA was associated with elevated rhizosphere pH and enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Coptis chinensisCoptis chinensist0
- Treatment
- CTAe0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere pH and enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Verbatim
e0“Correlation analysis showed that CTA elevated rhizosphere pH and enzyme activities.”
t0“Coptis chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that CTA can partly replace synthetic fertilizers in C. chinensis production.
- Taxon
- C. chinensisCoptis chinensise0
- Outcome
- can, at least partially, replace synthetic fertilizerse0
Verbatim
e0“CTA can, at least partially, replace synthetic fertilizers in C. chinensis production.”