Abstract
Abstract Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs lead to a high ammonium (NH4+)/nitrate (NO3−) ratio in the soil, which restricts hyphal spreading of soil fungi. Access of symbiotic fungi to roots is a prerequisite for plant-fungal interactions. Hyphosphere bacteria protect fungi from environmental stress, yet the impact of hyphosphere bacteria on adaptation of host fungi to NH4+-enriched conditions remains unclear. By developing soil microcosm assays, we report that a plant-symbiotic fungus, Phomopsis liquidambaris, harbors specific hyphosphere bacteria that facilitate hyphal spreading and assist in the root colonization in NH4+-enriched soil. Genetic manipulation, 16S rRNA gene analysis and coinoculation assays revealed that the genus Enterobacter was enriched in the hyphosphere of NH4+-sensitive wild-type compared to NH4+-preferring nitrite reductase-deficient strain. The representative Enterobacter sp. SZ2-promoted hyphal spreading is only evident in nonsterilized soil. We further identified an increased abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and a synchronously decreased NH4+:NO3− ratio following SZ2 inoculation. Microbial supplementation and inhibitor assays showed that AOA-mediated reduction in NH4+:NO3− ratio is responsible for SZ2-enhanced fungal adaptation to NH4+-enriched conditions. The Ph. liquidambaris-Enterobacter-AOA triple interaction promoted rice growth in NH4+-enriched soil. Our study reveals the essential role of hyphosphere microorganism-based hyphal spreading in plant-fungal symbiosis establishment within nitrogen-affected agroecosystems.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphosphere bacteria facilitated fungal hyphal spreading and root colonization in ammonium enriched soil.
- Taxon
- plantt0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarisDiaporthe liquidambarise0symbiont
- Outcome
- hyphal spreading and assist in the root colonizatione0
- Setting
- NH4+-enriched soile0
Verbatim
e0“Phomopsis liquidambaris, harbors specific hyphosphere bacteria that facilitate hyphal spreading and assist in the root colonization in NH4+-enriched soil.”
t0“plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Enterobacter was enriched around the sensitive wild type relative to the deficient strain.
- Taxon
- plantt0
- Interactor
- Enterobacter
Enterobactere0symbiont - Outcome
- Enterobacter was enrichede0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Comparator
- NH4+-preferring nitrite reductase-deficient straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enterobacter was enriched in the hyphosphere of NH4+-sensitive wild-type compared to NH4+-preferring nitrite reductase-deficient strain.”
t0“plant”
Claim · model-written summary
SZ2 promoted fungal hyphal spreading only in nonsterilized soil.
Verbatim
e0“Enterobacter sp. SZ2-promoted hyphal spreading is only evident in nonsterilized soil.”
t0“plant”
Claim · model-written summary
SZ2 inoculation increased abundance and diversity of ammonia oxidizing archaea.
- Taxon
- plantt0
- Interactor
- ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA)Nitrososphaerotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Verbatim
e0“increased abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and a synchronously decreased NH4+:NO3− ratio following SZ2 inoculation.”
t0“plant”
Claim · model-written summary
SZ2 inoculation decreased the soil ammonium to nitrate ratio.
Verbatim
e0“a synchronously decreased NH4+:NO3− ratio following SZ2 inoculation.”
t0“plant”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA mediated ratio reduction explained improved fungal adaptation.
- Taxon
- plantt0
- Interactor
- AOANitrososphaerotae0symbiont
- Outcome
- fungal adaptation to NH4+-enriched conditionse0
Verbatim
e0“AOA-mediated reduction in NH4+:NO3− ratio is responsible for SZ2-enhanced fungal adaptation to NH4+-enriched conditions.”
t0“plant”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungal bacterial archaeal interaction promoted rice growth under ammonium enrichment.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Ph. liquidambaris-Enterobacter-AOA triple interactione0
- Interactor
- Ph. liquidambarise0symbiont
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Setting
- NH4+-enriched soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Ph. liquidambaris-Enterobacter-AOA triple interaction promoted rice growth in NH4+-enriched soil.”
The same questions in other papers
Enterobacter · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
ph · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.