Abstract
(1) Background: Previous studies have indicated that ferulic acid esterase (FAE), cellulase and xylanase have synergistic effects in lignocellulose degradation, and the cutting stage has a major impact on silages. Whether these additives affect the silages at different cutting stages is unclear. (2) Methods: Sudangrass height at the tested cutting stages was 1.8 m (S1) and 2.0 m (S2). The silage from the two cutting stages was treated with FAE-producing Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), cellulase and xylanase (CX) and a combination of LP and CX (LP+CX) for 30 and 60 days. (3) Results: Compared with CK, adding LP+CX significantly decreased the pH and the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05) and increased the lactic acid (LA) concentration (p < 0.05), dry matter (DM) content and crude protein content. Adding LP+CX effectively degraded lignocellulose in sudangrass, and the NDF and ADF degradation rates at the two stages were all more than 30%. In comparison, cutting at the S2 stage led to a lower pH and higher LA and DM contents (p < 0.05). Additives and the cutting stage exerted a strong effect on the silage microbial community, and Firmicutes and Lactiplantibacillus became the most dominant bacterial phyla and genera, especially at the S2 stage. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that FAE-producing L. plantarum, cellulase and xylanase had synergistic effects on sudangrass silages, especially at the S2 stage, and their use can thus serve as an efficient method for ensiling.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
LP+CX lowered silage pH versus CK.
- Taxon
- Sudangrass
Sorghum ×drummondiit0 - Treatment
- adding LP+CXe0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CK, adding LP+CX significantly decreased the pH”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
LP+CX lowered NDF and ADF content versus CK.
- Taxon
- SudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- adding LP+CXe0
- Outcome
- content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- p < 0.05e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CK, adding LP+CX significantly decreased the pH and the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05)”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
LP+CX increased lactic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- SudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- adding LP+CXe0
- Outcome
- lactic acid (LA) concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adding LP+CX significantly decreased the pH and the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05) and increased the lactic acid (LA) concentration (p < 0.05)”
e1“Compared with CK, adding LP+CX”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
LP+CX increased silage dry matter and crude protein content.
- Taxon
- SudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- LP+CXe1
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM) content and crude protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the lactic acid (LA) concentration (p < 0.05), dry matter (DM) content and crude protein content”
e1“Compared with CK, adding LP+CX”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
LP+CX degraded lignocellulose, with NDF and ADF degradation rates above 30% at both stages.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiie0
- Treatment
- Adding LP+CXe0
- Outcome
- NDF and ADF degradation ratese0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- at the two stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding LP+CX effectively degraded lignocellulose in sudangrass, and the NDF and ADF degradation rates at the two stages were all more than 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
S2 cutting produced lower silage pH.
- Taxon
- SudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- cutting at the S2 stagee0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- S1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cutting at the S2 stage led to a lower pH and higher LA and DM contents (p < 0.05)”
e1“Sudangrass height at the tested cutting stages was 1.8 m (S1) and 2.0 m (S2).”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
S2 cutting produced higher lactic acid and dry matter contents.
- Taxon
- SudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Treatment
- cutting at the S2 stagee0
- Outcome
- LA and DM contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- S1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cutting at the S2 stage led to a lower pH and higher LA and DM contents (p < 0.05)”
e1“Sudangrass height at the tested cutting stages was 1.8 m (S1) and 2.0 m (S2).”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Additives and cutting stage strongly affected the silage microbial community.
- Taxon
- SudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Outcome
- silage microbial communitye0
- Qualifier
- Additives and the cutting stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additives and the cutting stage exerted a strong effect on the silage microbial community”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Firmicutes and Lactiplantibacillus became the dominant silage taxa, especially at S2.
- Taxon
- SudangrassSorghum ×drummondiit0
- Second interactor
- LactiplantibacillusLactiplantibacilluse0other
- Outcome
- most dominant bacterial phyla and generae0
- Qualifier
- especially at the S2 stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Firmicutes and Lactiplantibacillus became the most dominant bacterial phyla and genera, especially at the S2 stage”
t0“Sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend FAE-producing L. plantarum, cellulase and xylanase for ensiling, especially at S2.
- Taxon
- sudangrassSorghum ×drummondiie0
- Treatment
- FAE-producing L. plantarum, cellulase and xylanasee0
- Outcome
- efficient method for ensilinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAE-producing L. plantarum, cellulase and xylanase had synergistic effects on sudangrass silages, especially at the S2 stage, and their use can thus serve as an efficient method for ensiling”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.