Abstract
Maize is one of the major crops in the world and the most productive member of the Gramineae family. Since cold stress affects the germination, growth, and productivity of corn seeds, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of seed biopriming with Trichoderma harzianum on the tolerance of two genotypes of maize seedlings to cold stress. This study was conducted in triplicates in factorial experiment with a complete randomized block design (CRBD). The study was conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Experimental factors include two cultivars (AR68 cold-resistant and KSC703 cold-sensitive maize cultivars), four pretreatment levels (control, biopriming with T. harzianum , exogenous T. harzianum, and hydropriming), and two levels of cold stress (control and cold at 5 °C) in a hydroponic culture medium. The present study showed that maize leaves’ establishment rate and maximum fluorescence (Fm) are affected by triple effects (C*, P*, S). The highest establishment (99.66%) and Fm (994 units) rates were observed in the KP3 control treatment. Moreover, among the pretreatments, the highest (0.476 days) and the lowest (0.182 days) establishment rates were related to P0 and P3 treatments, respectively. Cultivar A showed higher chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid content, and establishment rate compared to cultivar K in both optimal and cold conditions. The highest root dry weight (11.84 units) was obtained in cultivar A with P3 pretreatment. The pretreatments with T. harzianum increased physiological parameters and seedling emergence of maize under cold and optimal stress conditions. Pretreatment and cultivar improved catalase activity in roots and leaves. Higher leaf and root catalase activity was observed in the roots and leaves of cultivar K compared to cultivar A. The cold treatment significantly differed in peroxidase activity from the control treatment. Cultivar K showed higher catalase activity than cultivar A. The main effects of pretreatment and cold on polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content showed the highest polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content in hydropriming (H) treatment. Cold treatment also showed higher polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content than cold-free conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Maize establishment rate and maximum fluorescence (Fm) are affected by the triple effects of cold, pretreatment and cultivar.
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- triple effects (C*, P*, S)e1
- Outcome
- establishment rate and maximum fluorescence (Fm)e1
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e1“maize leaves’ establishment rate and maximum fluorescence (Fm) are affected by triple effects (C*, P*, S)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest establishment, 99.66%, was observed in the KP3 control treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e2“The highest establishment (99.66%) and Fm (994 units) rates were observed in the KP3 control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest Fm, 994 units, was observed in the KP3 control treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e2“The highest establishment (99.66%) and Fm (994 units) rates were observed in the KP3 control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest establishment rate, 0.476 days, was related to the P0 pretreatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e4“among the pretreatments, the highest (0.476 days) and the lowest (0.182 days) establishment rates were related to P0 and P3 treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest establishment rate, 0.182 days, was related to the P3 pretreatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e4“among the pretreatments, the highest (0.476 days) and the lowest (0.182 days) establishment rates were related to P0 and P3 treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar A had higher chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid content than cultivar K under optimal and cold conditions.
- Material
- Cultivar Ae5
- Treatment
- optimal and cold conditionse5
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid contente5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- cultivar Ke5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e5“Cultivar A showed higher chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid content, and establishment rate compared to cultivar K in both optimal and cold conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar A had higher establishment rate than cultivar K under optimal and cold conditions.
- Material
- Cultivar Ae5
- Treatment
- optimal and cold conditionse5
- Outcome
- establishment ratee5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- cultivar Ke5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e5“Cultivar A showed higher chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid content, and establishment rate compared to cultivar K in both optimal and cold conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar A with P3 pretreatment had the highest root dry weight, 11.84 units.
- Material
- cultivar Ae6
- Treatment
- P3 pretreatmente6
- Outcome
- root dry weighte6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 11.84 unitse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e6“The highest root dry weight (11.84 units) was obtained in cultivar A with P3 pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment with Trichoderma harzianum increased physiological parameters and seedling emergence of maize under cold and optimal stress.
- Treatment
- pretreatments with T. harzianume7
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume7symbiont - Outcome
- physiological parameters and seedling emergencee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- under cold and optimal stress conditionse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e7“The pretreatments with T. harzianum increased physiological parameters and seedling emergence of maize under cold and optimal stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment and cultivar improved catalase activity in roots and leaves of maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e1“Pretreatment and cultivar improved catalase activity in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar K had higher leaf and root catalase activity than cultivar A.
- Material
- cultivar Ke1
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese1
- Outcome
- leaf and root catalase activitye1
- Direction
- Highere1
- Comparator
- cultivar Ae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e1“Higher leaf and root catalase activity was observed in the roots and leaves of cultivar K compared to cultivar A”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold treatment significantly differed in peroxidase activity from the control treatment in maize.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e1“The cold treatment significantly differed in peroxidase activity from the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydropriming gave the highest polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content in maize.
- Treatment
- hydropriming (H) treatmente1
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase activity and proline contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e1“The main effects of pretreatment and cold on polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content showed the highest polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content in hydropriming (H) treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold treatment gave higher polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content than cold-free conditions in maize.
- Treatment
- Cold treatmente1
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase activity and proline contente1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- cold-free conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of the major crops in the world”
e1“Cold treatment also showed higher polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content than cold-free conditions”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.