Abstract
Aim: In this study, Polyphenol and chemical profiles in core, pulp, and peel of 7 apple varieties [Fuji (FS), Qinguan (QG), Qingping (QP), Jinshuai (JS), Gala (GL), Changmiou (CMO), and Huahong (HH)] were comparatively studied to distinguish the different metabolism biomarkers in the three parts of apple fruit. Methods: This study investigated the distribution of 15 polyphenolic compounds using a combination of multivariate analysis and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Results: chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, phloretin were the most abundant components. While phloretin was the dominant component in core, chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic compound in pulp, and quercetin was mainly found in apple peel. The multivariate analysis showed that the chemical profile of peel was significantly distinct from that of apple pulp and core, whereas apple pulp and core overlapped with each other. The difference attributed to the compounds that were predicted from ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), which were remarkably different (P < 0.05) and belong to polyphenol. Conclusions: It indicates that the potential superior biomarker of polyphenols is to differentiate the products from apple core, pulp, and peel respectively. This research provided an insight on the polyphenolic profile of core, pulp, and peel of apple fruits.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic acid, catechin and epicatechin were the most abundant components.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Compound
- chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechine1
- Outcome
- most abundant componentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e1“chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, phloretin were the most abundant components”
Claim · model-written summary
Phloretin was among the most abundant components.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- phloretine1
- Outcome
- most abundant componentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e1“chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, phloretin were the most abundant components”
Claim · model-written summary
Phloretin was the dominant component in apple core.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- coree4
- Compound
- phloretine4
- Outcome
- dominant componente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e4“phloretin was the dominant component in core”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic compound in apple pulp.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pulpe2
- Compound
- chlorogenic acide2
- Outcome
- main phenolic compounde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e2“chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic compound in pulp”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercetin was mainly found in apple peel.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- apple peele3
- Compound
- quercetine3
- Outcome
- mainly founde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e3“quercetin was mainly found in apple peel”
Claim · model-written summary
The chemical profile of peel was significantly distinct from that of pulp and core.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- peele5
- Outcome
- chemical profilee5
- Comparator
- apple pulp and coree5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e5“the chemical profile of peel was significantly distinct from that of apple pulp and core”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple pulp and core chemical profiles overlapped with each other.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pulp and coree6
- Outcome
- overlapped with each othere6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e6“apple pulp and core overlapped with each other”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenol compounds differed remarkably among apple core, pulp and peel (P < 0.05).
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- polyphenole7
- Outcome
- remarkably differente7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e7“which were remarkably different (P < 0.05) and belong to polyphenol”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenol biomarkers are potentially superior for differentiating products from apple core, pulp and peel.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- polyphenolse1
- Outcome
- differentiate the productse1
- Comparator
- apple core, pulp, and peele1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“profiling of apple”
e1“the potential superior biomarker of polyphenols is to differentiate the products from apple core, pulp, and peel respectively”