Abstract
Abstract Background The correct rate and timing of nitrogen (N) has the potential to improve sorghum productivity through modified grain yield components and quality. The impacts of in‐season split application of N have little documentation. Aim An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate and timing of N to relate vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency and to maximize grain yield and quality under different soil types. Methods Pioneer 86P20 was grown in three environments on two different soil types following a completely randomized block design with nine N application treatments. Treatments included differing N rates applied at critical developmental stages of sorghum (planting, panicle initiation, and booting), accompanied with high temporal aerial phenotyping. Results Opportunities to increase grain protein content while using split N applications were observed, with panicle initiation identified as a critical developmental stage. In‐season split application of N enhances grain yield under low soil mineral N. Split application of 31 kg N ha −1 each at the time of planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as optimum N treatment to increase protein content in sorghum. Vegetative indices, that is, normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge index are capable of predicting grain yield and protein content, respectively. Intra‐panicle grain numbers and weights were altered significantly at different portions within panicles, with an opportunity to enhance yield potential at the bottom portion. The strong stay‐green trait in this hybrid locked a large proportion of nitrogen in the leaves, which warrants the need for balancing stay‐green and senescence in sorghum improvement programs. Conclusions Findings highlight that in grain sorghum remobilization of residual leaf N into grain is a target to increase yield and grain quality. An optimized stay‐green trait balanced with senescence is recommended for enhancing sorghum yield potential.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Split N applications offered increased grain protein content, with panicle initiation a critical stage.
- Treatment
- split N applicationse0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- panicle initiatione0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Opportunities to increase grain protein content while using split N applications were observed, with panicle initiation identified as a critical developmental stage.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
In-season split N application enhanced sorghum grain yield under low soil mineral N.
- Treatment
- In‐season split application of Ne0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancese0
- Qualifier
- low soil mineral Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In‐season split application of N enhances grain yield under low soil mineral N.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 31 kg N ha −1 at planting, panicle initiation and booting was optimum for increasing sorghum protein content.
- Treatment
- Split application of 31 kg N ha −1 each at the time of planting, panicle initiation, and bootinge0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Split application of 31 kg N ha −1 each at the time of planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as optimum N treatment to increase protein content in sorghum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Normalized difference vegetation index predicted grain yield.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge index are capable of predicting grain yield and protein content, respectively”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Normalized difference red edge index predicted protein content.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge index are capable of predicting grain yield and protein content, respectively”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Intra-panicle grain numbers were significantly altered at different panicle portions.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intra‐panicle grain numbers and weights were altered significantly at different portions within panicles”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Intra-panicle grain weights were significantly altered at different panicle portions.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intra‐panicle grain numbers and weights were altered significantly at different portions within panicles”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The strong stay-green trait in the hybrid retained a large proportion of nitrogen in leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strong stay‐green trait in this hybrid locked a large proportion of nitrogen in the leaves”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend balancing stay-green with senescence to improve sorghum yield potential.
- Outcome
- An optimized stay‐green trait balanced with senescencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An optimized stay‐green trait balanced with senescence is recommended for enhancing sorghum yield potential.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify remobilization of residual leaf N into grain as a target to increase yield and grain quality.
- Outcome
- remobilization of residual leaf N into graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“remobilization of residual leaf N into grain is a target to increase yield and grain quality”
t0“sorghum”
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