Abstract
Abstract Aromatic and medicinal plants in ecosystems are subject to various climatic disturbances that impact their morphological and physiological processes. Although plants have mechanisms to adapt to their climatic conditions, such as periods of drought and lack of precipitation, their metabolism is still affected. This study aimed to predict and evaluate the behavior of Salvia officinalis under climatic disturbances. Over a period of 4 years in a controlled environment, three treatments were applied to the plant: Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year. The results show that the percentage of primary metabolites, including nutritional values, changed with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Treatment 1 had 7.13% protein, 6.21% carbohydrate, 1.35% lipid, and 4% dietary fiber, while Treatment 2 had 7.05% protein, 5.12% carbohydrate, 1.01% lipid, and 3.01% dietary fiber, and Treatment 3 had 6.86% protein, 3.02% carbohydrate, 0.52% lipid, and 2.34% dietary fiber. The mineral composition of the plant also changed with each treatment, with Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%. Regarding secondary metabolites, the percentage of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, tannins, and essential oil yield changed as well. Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease. Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the major compounds of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis , such as α-thujone, manool, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, viridiflorol, 1,8-cineol, and camphor, were also modified by temperature and water stress.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
protein content declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, from 7.13% to 7.05% to 6.86%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalis
Salvia officinalist0 - Treatment
- increasing temperature and decreasing precipitatione0
- Outcome
- proteine1
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 6.86%e1
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“changed with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation”
e1“Treatment 1 had 7.13% protein, 6.21% carbohydrate, 1.35% lipid, and 4% dietary fiber, while Treatment 2 had 7.05% protein, 5.12% carbohydrate, 1.01% lipid, and 3.01% dietary fiber, and Treatment 3 had 6.86% protein, 3.02% carbohydrate, 0.52% lipid, and 2.34% dietary fiber”
Claim · model-written summary
carbohydrate content declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, from 6.21% to 5.12% to 3.02%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- increasing temperature and decreasing precipitatione0
- Outcome
- carbohydratee1
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 3.02%e1
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“changed with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation”
e1“Treatment 1 had 7.13% protein, 6.21% carbohydrate, 1.35% lipid, and 4% dietary fiber, while Treatment 2 had 7.05% protein, 5.12% carbohydrate, 1.01% lipid, and 3.01% dietary fiber, and Treatment 3 had 6.86% protein, 3.02% carbohydrate, 0.52% lipid, and 2.34% dietary fiber”
Claim · model-written summary
lipid content declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, from 1.35% to 1.01% to 0.52%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- increasing temperature and decreasing precipitatione0
- Outcome
- lipide1
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 0.52%e1
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“changed with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation”
e1“Treatment 1 had 7.13% protein, 6.21% carbohydrate, 1.35% lipid, and 4% dietary fiber, while Treatment 2 had 7.05% protein, 5.12% carbohydrate, 1.01% lipid, and 3.01% dietary fiber, and Treatment 3 had 6.86% protein, 3.02% carbohydrate, 0.52% lipid, and 2.34% dietary fiber”
Claim · model-written summary
dietary fiber content declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, from 4% to 3.01% to 2.34%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- increasing temperature and decreasing precipitatione0
- Outcome
- dietary fibere1
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 2.34%e1
Not reportedComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“changed with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation”
e1“Treatment 1 had 7.13% protein, 6.21% carbohydrate, 1.35% lipid, and 4% dietary fiber, while Treatment 2 had 7.05% protein, 5.12% carbohydrate, 1.01% lipid, and 3.01% dietary fiber, and Treatment 3 had 6.86% protein, 3.02% carbohydrate, 0.52% lipid, and 2.34% dietary fiber”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, ending at 0.05%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supplye1
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 0.05%e0
- Comparator
- normal monthly average temperature and precipitatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%”
e1“Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, ending at 7.62%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supplye1
- Outcome
- Fee0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 7.62%e0
- Comparator
- normal monthly average temperature and precipitatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%”
e1“Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year”
Claim · model-written summary
K declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, ending at 4.02%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supplye1
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 4.02%e0
- Comparator
- normal monthly average temperature and precipitatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%”
e1“Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, ending at 3.48%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supplye1
- Outcome
- Mne0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 3.48%e0
- Comparator
- normal monthly average temperature and precipitatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%”
e1“Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, ending at 1.23%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supplye1
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 1.23%e0
- Comparator
- normal monthly average temperature and precipitatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%”
e1“Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year”
Claim · model-written summary
P declined across progressively warmer and drier treatments, ending at 2.25%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supplye1
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 2.25%e0
- Comparator
- normal monthly average temperature and precipitatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%”
e1“Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloids rose under Treatment 2 and then declined under Treatment 3, ending at 11.3%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- Treatment 2e1
- Outcome
- Alkaloidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.3%e0
- Qualifier
- Treatment 3 showed a decreasee1
- Comparator
- Treatment 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%”
e1“Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
flavonoids rose under Treatment 2 and then declined under Treatment 3, ending at 10.49%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- Treatment 2e1
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.49%e0
- Qualifier
- Treatment 3 showed a decreasee1
- Comparator
- Treatment 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%”
e1“Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
saponins rose under Treatment 2 and then declined under Treatment 3, ending at 6%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- Treatment 2e1
- Outcome
- saponinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- Treatment 3 showed a decreasee1
- Comparator
- Treatment 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%”
e1“Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
coumarins rose under Treatment 2 and then declined under Treatment 3, ending at 3.99%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- Treatment 2e1
- Outcome
- coumarinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.99%e0
- Qualifier
- Treatment 3 showed a decreasee1
- Comparator
- Treatment 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%”
e1“Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
tannins rose under Treatment 2 and then declined under Treatment 3, ending at 2.62%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- Treatment 2e1
- Outcome
- tanninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.62%e0
- Qualifier
- Treatment 3 showed a decreasee1
- Comparator
- Treatment 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%”
e1“Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
essential oil yield rose under Treatment 2 and then declined under Treatment 3, ending at 0.62%.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalist0
- Treatment
- Treatment 2e1
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.62%e0
- Qualifier
- Treatment 3 showed a decreasee1
- Comparator
- Treatment 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%”
e1“Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Major essential-oil compounds were modified by temperature and water stress.
- Taxon
- Salvia officinalisSalvia officinalise0
- Treatment
- temperature and water stresse0
- Outcome
- major compounds of the essential oilse0
- Qualifier
- α-thujone, manool, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, viridiflorol, 1,8-cineol, and camphore0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Salvia officinalis”
e0“the major compounds of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis , such as α-thujone, manool, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, viridiflorol, 1,8-cineol, and camphor, were also modified by temperature and water stress”
The same questions in other papers
rainfall · molecular: metabolites · Salvia officinalis (garden sage)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.