Abstract
The decreased quality of leafy vegetables and tipburn caused by inappropriate light intensity are serious problems faced in plant factories, greatly reducing the economic benefits. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively understand the impact of light intensity on the growth and quality of different crops and to develop precise lighting schemes for specific cultivars. Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars—Crunchy and Deangelia—and one spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivar—Shawen—were grown in a plant factory using a light-emitting diode (LED) under intensities of 300, 240, 180, and 120 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. Cultivation in a solar greenhouse using only natural light (NL) served as the control. The plant height, number of leaves, and leaf width exhibited the highest values under a light intensity of 300 μmol m−2 s−1 for Crunchy. The plant width and leaf length of Deangelia exhibited the smallest values under a light intensity of 300 μmol m−2 s−1. The fresh weight of shoot and root, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid contents in the three cultivars increased with the increasing light intensity. However, tipburn was observed in Crunchy under 300 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, and in Deangelia under both 300 and 240 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensities. Shawen spinach exhibited leaf curling under all four light intensities. The light intensities of 240 and 180 μmol m−2 s−1 were observed to be the most optimum for Crunchy and Deangelia (semi-heading lettuce variety), respectively, which would exhibit relative balance growth and morphogenesis. The lack of healthy leaves in Shawen spinach under all light intensities indicated the need to comprehensively optimize cultivation for Shawen in plant factories to achieve successful cultivation. The results indicated that light intensity is an important factor and should be optimized for specific crop species and cultivars to achieve healthy growth in plant factories.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
In Crunchy lettuce, plant height, leaf number and leaf width were highest under light intensity of 300.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Material
- Crunchye1
- Treatment
- light intensity of 300e1
- Outcome
- plant height, number of leaves, and leaf widthe1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars”
e1“The plant height, number of leaves, and leaf width exhibited the highest values under a light intensity of 300 μmol m−2 s−1 for Crunchy”
Claim · model-written summary
In Deangelia lettuce, plant width and leaf length were smallest under light intensity of 300.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- Deangeliae2
- Treatment
- light intensity of 300e2
- Outcome
- plant width and leaf lengthe2
- Direction
- smalleste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars”
e2“The plant width and leaf length of Deangelia exhibited the smallest values under a light intensity of 300 μmol m−2 s−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh weight of shoot and root increased with increasing light intensity in the three cultivars.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- three cultivarse3
- Treatment
- increasing light intensitye3
- Outcome
- fresh weight of shoot and roote3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars”
e3“The fresh weight of shoot and root, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid contents in the three cultivars increased with the increasing light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar, soluble protein and ascorbic acid contents increased with increasing light intensity in the three cultivars.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- three cultivarse3
- Treatment
- increasing light intensitye3
- Outcome
- soluble sugar, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid contentse3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars”
e3“The fresh weight of shoot and root, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid contents in the three cultivars increased with the increasing light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Tipburn was observed in Crunchy lettuce under light intensity of 300.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- Crunchye5
- Treatment
- 300 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensitye5
- Outcome
- tipburne5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars”
e5“tipburn was observed in Crunchy under 300 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, and in Deangelia under both 300 and 240 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensities”
Claim · model-written summary
Tipburn was observed in Deangelia lettuce under light intensities of 300 and 240.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- Deangeliae5
- Treatment
- both 300 and 240 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensitiese5
- Outcome
- tipburne5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars”
e5“tipburn was observed in Crunchy under 300 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, and in Deangelia under both 300 and 240 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensities”
Claim · model-written summary
Shawen spinach exhibited leaf curling under all four light intensities.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae6 - Material
- Shawene6
- Treatment
- all four light intensitiese6
- Outcome
- leaf curlinge6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Shawen spinach exhibited leaf curling under all four light intensities”
Claim · model-written summary
Shawen spinach needs comprehensive cultivation optimization in plant factories to achieve successful cultivation.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae4
- Outcome
- comprehensively optimize cultivatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The lack of healthy leaves in Shawen spinach under all light intensities indicated the need to comprehensively optimize cultivation for Shawen in plant factories”
Claim · model-written summary
Light intensities of 240 and 180 were the most optimum for Crunchy and Deangelia lettuce, respectively.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Material
- Crunchy and Deangeliae7
- Treatment
- 240 and 180 μmol m−2 s−1e7
- Outcome
- most optimume7
- Qualifier
- relative balance growth and morphogenesise7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The light intensities of 240 and 180 μmol m−2 s−1 were observed to be the most optimum for Crunchy and Deangelia (semi-heading lettuce variety), respectively, which would exhibit relative balance growth and morphogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Light intensity should be optimized for specific crop species and cultivars to achieve healthy growth in plant factories.
Verbatim
e5“light intensity is an important factor and should be optimized for specific crop species and cultivars”