Abstract
Abstract Putrescine (Put), gibberellic acid (GA3), and salicylic acid (SA) are involved in improving fruit growth and development. This is the first study investigating the effect of 1 mM Put, 100 mg L -1 GA3, and 100 mg L -1 SA on Phoenix dactylifera , cv. Zaghloul fruits. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design during two successive seasons and five treatments [control (distilled water spray), Put, Put + GA3, Put + SA, and Put + GA3 + SA] were sprayed at the Hababouk (cell division) stage and Kimri [unripe green (cell elongation)] stage. Our results showed that all treatments significantly improved the yield and quality of ‘Zaghloul’ fruit by increasing the dry matter, crude fiber, ash, total soluble solids, (reducing, non-reducing, and total soluble) sugars, carbohydrate, protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, zinc, iron, and manganese content as well as the peroxidase and catalase activity. Compared with the control treatment, exogenous applications also enhanced the amino acid (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, arginine, cysteine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine) acquisition and phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, GA3, SA) content, while decreasing the percentage of moisture, total acidity, total phenols, and tannins. The novel evidence indicates that among all treatments, application of diamine (Put), in combination with phytohormones (GA3 and SA), has the greatest effect on improving ‘Zaghloul’ fruit yield by up-regulating the nutrient acquisition, sugar accumulation, amino acid profile, antioxidant response, and phytohormone performance. These findings support the use of Put in conjunction with GA3 and SA to improve fruit yield and quality.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
All spray treatments significantly improved Zaghloul fruit yield.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactylifera
Phoenix dactyliferae1 - Material
- Zaghloule0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments significantly improved the yield and quality of ‘Zaghloul’ fruit”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“Compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
All spray treatments significantly improved Zaghloul fruit quality.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Material
- Zaghloule0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments significantly improved the yield and quality of ‘Zaghloul’ fruit”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“Compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased fruit dry matter, fiber and ash.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- dry matter, crude fiber, ashe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing the dry matter, crude fiber, ash, total soluble solids”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“all treatments significantly improved”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased fruit soluble solids and sugar content.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- total soluble solids, (reducing, non-reducing, and total soluble) sugarse0
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total soluble solids, (reducing, non-reducing, and total soluble) sugars, carbohydrate, protein”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“all treatments significantly improved”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
e4“by increasing the dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased fruit carbohydrate and protein.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- carbohydrate, proteine0
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbohydrate, protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“all treatments significantly improved”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
e4“by increasing the dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased fruit nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- nitrogen, phosphorus, potassiume0
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“all treatments significantly improved”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
e4“by increasing the dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased fruit calcium, magnesium and sodium.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- calcium, magnesium, sodiume0
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium, magnesium, sodium, zinc, iron”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“all treatments significantly improved”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
e4“by increasing the dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased fruit zinc, iron and manganese.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- zinc, iron, and manganese contente0
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zinc, iron, and manganese content”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“all treatments significantly improved”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
e4“by increasing the dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased peroxidase and catalase activity.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse2
- Outcome
- peroxidase and catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase and catalase activity”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“all treatments significantly improved”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
e4“by increasing the dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous sprays increased fruit amino acid acquisition.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- exogenous applicationse0
- Outcome
- amino acid (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, arginine, cysteine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine) acquisitione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous applications also enhanced the amino acid (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, arginine, cysteine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine) acquisition”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“Compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous sprays increased fruit phytohormone content.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- exogenous applicationse2
- Outcome
- phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, GA3, SA) contente0
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, GA3, SA) content”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“exogenous applications also enhanced”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
e4“also enhanced the amino acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous sprays decreased fruit moisture, acidity and phenols.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- exogenous applicationse2
- Outcome
- moisture, total acidity, total phenolse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while decreasing the percentage of moisture, total acidity, total phenols, and tannins.”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“exogenous applications also enhanced”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous sprays decreased fruit tannins.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- exogenous applicationse2
- Outcome
- tanninse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Comparator
- control treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while decreasing the percentage of moisture, total acidity, total phenols, and tannins.”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
e2“exogenous applications also enhanced”
e3“Compared with the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Put combined with GA3 and SA gave greatest improvement in Zaghloul yield.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Material
- Zaghloule0
- Treatment
- application of diamine (Put), in combination with phytohormones (GA3 and SA)e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- greatest effect on improvinge0
- Comparator
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“among all treatments, application of diamine (Put), in combination with phytohormones (GA3 and SA), has the greatest effect on improving ‘Zaghloul’ fruit yield”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors support Put with GA3 and SA to improve fruit yield and quality.
- Taxon
- Phoenix dactyliferaPhoenix dactyliferae1
- Treatment
- Put in conjunction with GA3 and SAe0
- Outcome
- improve fruit yield and qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings support the use of Put in conjunction with GA3 and SA to improve fruit yield and quality.”
e1“Phoenix dactylifera”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.