Abstract
Goal. To determine the effect of herbicides, in particular graminicides with different active ingredients, on the weediness of crops and the yield of chickpea seeds in the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, measuring and weighing, statistical. Results. Under conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, 27 species of weed plants were found in chickpea crops (annual cereals — 3 species, annual dicots — 17 species, perennial dicotyledonous — 7 species). Annual cereal weeds dominated in number (76.4%), and annual dicot weeds (44.3%) in terms of raw mass. The highest technical efficiency against annual cereal weeds, when applied during the budding stage of chickpea, was provided by the graminicide Lemur, EC (hyzalofop-P-tefuryl, 40 g/ l) — 1.5 l/ ha (by the number and raw mass of cereals, 99.2 and 98.3%, respectively), and the lowest efficiency was provided by the graminicide Selenite, EC (clethodim, 120 g/ l) — 1.0 l/ ha (79.4 and 71.8%, respectively). Tank mixture of soil herbicides Panda, EC (pendimethalin, 330 g/ l) — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC (flurochloridone, 250 g/ l) — 2.0 l/ ha, which was applied in the pre-emergence period, controlled only the number of annual dicot weeds (technical efficiency was 62.1—79.0%), which was associated with a number of factors (the presence of resistant weed species in the crops, different soil moisture during the application period by years, the use of the minimum recommended doses of herbicides). The studied herbicides did not affect perennial dicot weeds. Combining soil herbicides with graminicides reduced the total number of weeds by 73.2—87.9%, and their raw weight by 22.4—43.0%. The highest economic efficiency (0.28 t/ ha) was provided by the composition of the preparations Panda, EC — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC — 2.0 l/ ha (tank mixture) + Queen Star Max, EC (hyzalofop-P-ethyl, 125 g/ l) — 0.8 l/ ha. Conclusions. In the absence of the effect of the studied herbicides on perennial dicot weeds and the insufficient effect of soil herbicides on annual dicot species, despite the high effectiveness of graminicides against cereals, it was not possible to obtain significant increase in the yield of chickpea seeds (from 0.13 to 0.28 t/ ha).
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Lemur applied at the budding stage gave the highest technical efficiency against annual cereal weeds (99.2% by number)
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Organ / stage
- budding stagee1
- Treatment
- graminicide Lemur, EC (hyzalofop-P-tefuryl, 40 g/ l) — 1.5 l/ hae1
- Interactor
- annual cereal weedse1weed
- Outcome
- technical efficiency against annual cereal weedse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 99.2 and 98.3%e1
- Comparator
- graminicide Selenite, EC (clethodim, 120 g/ l) — 1.0 l/ hae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e1“The highest technical efficiency against annual cereal weeds, when applied during the budding stage of chickpea, was provided by the graminicide Lemur, EC (hyzalofop-P-tefuryl, 40 g/ l) — 1.5 l/ ha (by the number and raw mass of cereals, 99.2 and 98.3%, respectively)”
e2“the lowest efficiency was provided by the graminicide Selenite, EC (clethodim, 120 g/ l) — 1.0 l/ ha (79.4 and 71.8%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenite applied at 1.0 l/ha gave the lowest technical efficiency against annual cereal weeds (79.4% by number)
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- graminicide Selenite, EC (clethodim, 120 g/ l) — 1.0 l/ hae2
- Interactor
- annual cereal weedse1weed
- Outcome
- efficiencye2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 79.4 and 71.8%e2
- Comparator
- graminicide Lemur, EC (hyzalofop-P-tefuryl, 40 g/ l) — 1.5 l/ hae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e1“The highest technical efficiency against annual cereal weeds, when applied during the budding stage of chickpea, was provided by the graminicide Lemur, EC (hyzalofop-P-tefuryl, 40 g/ l) — 1.5 l/ ha (by the number and raw mass of cereals, 99.2 and 98.3%, respectively)”
e2“the lowest efficiency was provided by the graminicide Selenite, EC (clethodim, 120 g/ l) — 1.0 l/ ha (79.4 and 71.8%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil herbicide tank mixture Panda + Steals, applied pre-emergence, controlled only annual dicot weeds (technical efficiency 62.1—79.0%)
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Tank mixture of soil herbicides Panda, EC (pendimethalin, 330 g/ l) — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC (flurochloridone, 250 g/ l) — 2.0 l/ hae3
- Interactor
- annual dicot weedse3weed
- Outcome
- number of annual dicot weedse3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
- Value
- 62.1—79.0%e3
- Qualifier
- the presence of resistant weed species in the cropse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e3“Tank mixture of soil herbicides Panda, EC (pendimethalin, 330 g/ l) — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC (flurochloridone, 250 g/ l) — 2.0 l/ ha, which was applied in the pre-emergence period, controlled only the number of annual dicot weeds (technical efficiency was 62.1—79.0%)”
e4“which was associated with a number of factors (the presence of resistant weed species in the crops, different soil moisture during the application period by years, the use of the minimum recommended doses of herbicides)”
Claim · model-written summary
The studied herbicides had no effect on perennial dicot weeds
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- studied herbicidese5
- Interactor
- perennial dicot weedse5weed
- Outcome
- perennial dicot weedse5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e5“The studied herbicides did not affect perennial dicot weeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining soil herbicides with graminicides reduced the total number of weeds by 73.2—87.9%
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Combining soil herbicides with graminicidese6
- Interactor
- weedse6weed
- Outcome
- total number of weedse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 73.2—87.9%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e6“Combining soil herbicides with graminicides reduced the total number of weeds by 73.2—87.9%, and their raw weight by 22.4—43.0%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining soil herbicides with graminicides reduced raw weed weight by 22.4—43.0%
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Combining soil herbicides with graminicidese6
- Interactor
- weedse6weed
- Outcome
- raw weighte6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 22.4—43.0%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e6“Combining soil herbicides with graminicides reduced the total number of weeds by 73.2—87.9%, and their raw weight by 22.4—43.0%.”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil herbicide plus graminicide composition gave the highest economic efficiency (0.28 t/ha)
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- composition of the preparations Panda, EC — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC — 2.0 l/ ha (tank mixture) + Queen Star Max, EC (hyzalofop-P-ethyl, 125 g/ l) — 0.8 l/ hae7
- Outcome
- economic efficiencye7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 0.28 t/ hae7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e7“The highest economic efficiency (0.28 t/ ha) was provided by the composition of the preparations Panda, EC — 3.5 l/ ha + Steals, EC — 2.0 l/ ha (tank mixture) + Queen Star Max, EC (hyzalofop-P-ethyl, 125 g/ l) — 0.8 l/ ha.”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-seven weed species were found in chickpea crops
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- weed plantse0weed
- Outcome
- species of weed plantse0
- Value
- 27 speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e0“27 species of weed plants were found in chickpea crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual cereal weeds dominated the weed community in number (76.4%)
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- annual cereal weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Annual cereal weeds dominated in numbere0
- Value
- 76.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e0“Annual cereal weeds dominated in number (76.4%), and annual dicot weeds (44.3%) in terms of raw mass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual dicot weeds accounted for 44.3% of weed raw mass
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- annual dicot weedse0weed
- Outcome
- raw masse0
- Value
- 44.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e0“Annual cereal weeds dominated in number (76.4%), and annual dicot weeds (44.3%) in terms of raw mass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Graminicides did not produce a significant increase in chickpea seed yield (0.13 to 0.28 t/ha)
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- graminicidese0
- Outcome
- yield of chickpea seedse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- from 0.13 to 0.28 t/ hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“graminicide application in chickpea crops”
e0“despite the high effectiveness of graminicides against cereals, it was not possible to obtain significant increase in the yield of chickpea seeds (from 0.13 to 0.28 t/ ha)”
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