Abstract
The annual degradation of biological soil health within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation, has been a growing concern. Improving straw management is a potential strategy to ameliorate this ongoing deterioration. This study aimed to determine the responses of soil gaseous nitrogen (N) losses to deep-plowed maize straw into the surface soil layer. The field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 with six treatments: no straw (S0N0), half straw (7.5 t ha–1, S0.5N0), and full straw return (15 t ha–1, S1N0) without N fertilizer; no straw (S0N200), half straw (S0.5N200), and full straw return (S1N200) with 200 kg N ha–1. The results indicated that the cumulative ammonia (NH3) volatilization increased by 74.6% and 120.0% in S0.5N200 and S1N200 compared with S0N200, respectively. The cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were lower in S0.5 and S1 than in S0 by 48.8% and 45.3%, respectively. The soil NO3–-N content in the 0−80 cm layer was reduced by 48.5% and 56.5% in S0.5 and S1, respectively, compared with S0. However, the agronomic efficiency of N (AEN) decreased by 5.4% and 17.6% in S0.5 and S1, respectively, compared with S0 in 2021. Overall, the deep incorporation of maize straw into farmland in NC primarily increased the NH3 emission in the short term. However, it was beneficial for reducing the N2O emission and avoiding N leaching into deeper soil layers. An increase in N fertilization would better meet the demand for maize growth, thus enhancing the yield. In the future, controlling the NH3 emission to improve N use efficiency can further unleash the potential of the straw return to increase soil N reservoirs, enhance ecological benefits, and maintain food security.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return (S0.5N200) increased cumulative NH3 volatilization by 74.6% relative to S0N200 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- half straw (S0.5N200)e1
- Outcome
- cumulative ammonia (NH3) volatilizatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 74.6%e2
- Comparator
- S0N200e2
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“half straw (S0.5N200), and full straw return (S1N200) with 200 kg N ha–1”
e2“The results indicated that the cumulative ammonia (NH3) volatilization increased by 74.6% and 120.0% in S0.5N200 and S1N200 compared with S0N200, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Full straw return (S1N200) increased cumulative NH3 volatilization by 120.0% relative to S0N200 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- full straw return (S1N200)e1
- Outcome
- cumulative ammonia (NH3) volatilizatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 120.0%e2
- Comparator
- S0N200e2
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“half straw (S0.5N200), and full straw return (S1N200) with 200 kg N ha–1”
e2“The results indicated that the cumulative ammonia (NH3) volatilization increased by 74.6% and 120.0% in S0.5N200 and S1N200 compared with S0N200, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return (S0.5) reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 48.8% relative to S0 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- S0.5e3
- Outcome
- cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissionse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 48.8%e3
- Comparator
- S0e3
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e3“The cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were lower in S0.5 and S1 than in S0 by 48.8% and 45.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Full straw return (S1) reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 45.3% relative to S0 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- S1e3
- Outcome
- cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissionse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 45.3%e3
- Comparator
- S0e3
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e3“The cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were lower in S0.5 and S1 than in S0 by 48.8% and 45.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return (S0.5) reduced soil NO3–-N content in the 0−80 cm layer by 48.5% relative to S0 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- S0.5e4
- Outcome
- soil NO3–-N contente4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 48.5%e4
- Qualifier
- 0−80 cm layere4
- Comparator
- S0e4
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“The soil NO3–-N content in the 0−80 cm layer was reduced by 48.5% and 56.5% in S0.5 and S1, respectively, compared with S0”
Claim · model-written summary
Full straw return (S1) reduced soil NO3–-N content in the 0−80 cm layer by 56.5% relative to S0 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- S1e4
- Outcome
- soil NO3–-N contente4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 56.5%e4
- Qualifier
- 0−80 cm layere4
- Comparator
- S0e4
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“The soil NO3–-N content in the 0−80 cm layer was reduced by 48.5% and 56.5% in S0.5 and S1, respectively, compared with S0”
Claim · model-written summary
Half straw return (S0.5) decreased agronomic efficiency of N (AEN) by 5.4% relative to S0 in 2021 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- S0.5e5
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of N (AEN)e5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 5.4%e5
- Qualifier
- in 2021e5
- Comparator
- S0e5
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“However, the agronomic efficiency of N (AEN) decreased by 5.4% and 17.6% in S0.5 and S1, respectively, compared with S0 in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Full straw return (S1) decreased agronomic efficiency of N (AEN) by 17.6% relative to S0 in 2021 in spring maize in Northeast China.
- Treatment
- S1e5
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of N (AEN)e5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 17.6%e5
- Qualifier
- in 2021e5
- Comparator
- S0e5
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“However, the agronomic efficiency of N (AEN) decreased by 5.4% and 17.6% in S0.5 and S1, respectively, compared with S0 in 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend that an increase in N fertilization be used to meet maize demand and enhance yield under straw return.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“An increase in N fertilization would better meet the demand for maize growth, thus enhancing the yield”
The same questions in other papers
organic · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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