Abstract
In a pot experiment with additions of Zn, Cu and Ni to a loam soil (pH, 6.3) at rates up to 480 ppm, sewage sludge eliminated the toxic effect of Cu and reduced the toxic effect of Ni on corn, reduced the concentrations of Zn and Ni in the plants, and reduced the amounts of DTPA-extractable metals and of 0.01 M CaCl 2 -soluble Zn and Ni in the soil. Lettuce grown with the metals and sludges was more susceptible than corn to the toxic effects of the three metals in the loam soil and to Zn in a clay soil (pH 5.9). In the latter soil, Ni was less toxic to lettuce than to corn. The concentrations of metals were considerably higher in lettuce than in corn. Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5 eliminated the toxic effect of Ni on corn and of Zn and Ni on lettuce and reduced the concentrations of the metals in the plants and the amounts of DTPA-extractable and CaCl 2 -soluble metals in the soil. The order of magnitude of the DTPA-extractable metals was Cu > Zn > Ni whereas the order for CaCl 2 -soluble metals was Ni > Zn> Cu. Variability in the effect of the metals between crops and soils precluded the use, except as a preliminary guide, of a Zn equivalent concept based on the assumption that Cu is twice as toxic and Ni is eight times as toxic as Zn.
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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge eliminated copper toxicity to corn.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- sewage sludgee0
- Outcome
- toxic effect of Cue0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sewage sludge eliminated the toxic effect of Cu and reduced the toxic effect of Ni on corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge reduced nickel toxicity to corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sewage sludgee0
- Outcome
- toxic effect of Ni on corne0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sewage sludge eliminated the toxic effect of Cu and reduced the toxic effect of Ni on corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge reduced zinc and nickel concentrations in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sewage sludgee0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Zn and Ni in the plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sewage sludge eliminated the toxic effect of Cu and reduced the toxic effect of Ni on corn, reduced the concentrations of Zn and Ni in the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sewage sludge reduced soil DTPA-extractable metals and calcium chloride soluble zinc and nickel.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sewage sludgee0
- Outcome
- amounts of DTPA-extractable metals and of 0.01 M CaCl 2 -soluble Zn and Ni in the soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sewage sludge eliminated the toxic effect of Cu and reduced the toxic effect of Ni on corn, reduced the concentrations of Zn and Ni in the plants, and reduced the amounts of DTPA-extractable metals and of 0.01 M CaCl 2 -soluble Zn and Ni in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce was more susceptible than corn to the three metals in loam soil and zinc in clay soil.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Outcome
- toxic effects of the three metals in the loam soil and to Zn in a clay soile0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lettuce grown with the metals and sludges was more susceptible than corn to the toxic effects of the three metals in the loam soil and to Zn in a clay soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel was less toxic to lettuce than corn in clay soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- Ni was less toxic to lettucee0
- Direction
- less toxice0
- Comparator
- corne0
- Setting
- latter soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the latter soil, Ni was less toxic to lettuce than to corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal concentrations were higher in lettuce than corn.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- concentrations of metalse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of metals were considerably higher in lettuce than in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming clay soil to pH 6.5 eliminated nickel toxicity to corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5e0
- Outcome
- toxic effect of Ni on corne0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5 eliminated the toxic effect of Ni on corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming clay soil to pH 6.5 eliminated zinc and nickel toxicity to lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5e0
- Outcome
- Zn and Ni on lettucee0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5 eliminated the toxic effect of Ni on corn and of Zn and Ni on lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming reduced plant metal concentrations.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5e0
- Outcome
- concentrations of the metals in the plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5 eliminated the toxic effect of Ni on corn and of Zn and Ni on lettuce and reduced the concentrations of the metals in the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming reduced soil extractable and soluble metals.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5e0
- Outcome
- amounts of DTPA-extractable and CaCl 2 -soluble metals in the soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5 eliminated the toxic effect of Ni on corn and of Zn and Ni on lettuce and reduced the concentrations of the metals in the plants and the amounts of DTPA-extractable and CaCl 2 -soluble metals in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
DTPA extractable metals ranked copper above zinc above nickel.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The order of magnitude of the DTPA-extractable metals was Cu > Zn > Ni”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride soluble metals ranked nickel above zinc above copper.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“the order for CaCl 2 -soluble metals was Ni > Zn> Cu”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal effects varied between crops and soils, limiting the zinc equivalent concept to a preliminary guide.
Verbatim
e0“Variability in the effect of the metals between crops and soils precluded the use, except as a preliminary guide, of a Zn equivalent concept”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.