Abstract
The occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) or heavy metals in reclaimed water used for agricultural irrigation may affect crop morphology and physiology. Here, we analyzed lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown in outdoor lysimeters and irrigated with either tap water, used as a control, or reclaimed water: CAS-reclaimed water, an effluent from a conventional activated sludge system (CAS) followed by chlorination and sand filtration, or MBR-reclaimed water, an effluent from a membrane biological reactor (MBR). Chemical analyses identified seven CECs in the reclaimed waters, but only two of them were detected in lettuce (carbamazepine and azithromycin). Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that irrigation with reclaimed water increased the concentrations of several crop metabolites (5-oxoproline, leucine, isoleucine, and fumarate) and of transcripts codifying for the plant stress-related genes Heat-Shock Protein 70 ( HSP70 ) and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase ( MnSOD ). In both cases, MBR-water elicited the strongest response in lettuce, perhaps related to its comparatively high sodium adsorption ratio (4.5), rather than to its content in CECs or heavy metals. Our study indicates that crop metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles depend on the composition of irrigating water and that they could be used for testing the impact of water quality in agriculture. • The occurrence of CECs was similar in both reclaimed waters (CAS or MBR effluents). • CAS-reclaimed water irrigation resulted in a greater occurrence of CECs in lettuce. • Plant metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis showed no effect of CECs. • Salinity was the most relevant factor driving plant changes.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Carbamazepine and azithromycin were detected in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Outcome
- carbamazepine and azithromycine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only two of them were detected in lettuce (carbamazepine and azithromycin)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reclaimed water increased 5-oxoproline, leucine, and isoleucine concentrations.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- irrigation with reclaimed watere0
- Outcome
- 5-oxoproline, leucine, isoleucinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation with reclaimed water increased the concentrations of several crop metabolites (5-oxoproline, leucine, isoleucine, and fumarate)”
t0“lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown in outdoor lysimeters”
Claim · model-written summary
Reclaimed water increased fumarate concentration.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- irrigation with reclaimed watere0
- Outcome
- fumaratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation with reclaimed water increased the concentrations of several crop metabolites (5-oxoproline, leucine, isoleucine, and fumarate)”
t0“lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown in outdoor lysimeters”
Claim · model-written summary
Reclaimed water increased HSP70 and MnSOD transcripts.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- irrigation with reclaimed watere0
- Gene
- HSP70e0
- Outcome
- transcripts codifying for the plant stress-related genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation with reclaimed water increased the concentrations of several crop metabolites (5-oxoproline, leucine, isoleucine, and fumarate) and of transcripts codifying for the plant stress-related genes Heat-Shock Protein 70 ( HSP70 ) and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase ( MnSOD )”
t0“lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown in outdoor lysimeters”
Claim · model-written summary
MBR water elicited the strongest lettuce response.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- MBR-watere0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- strongeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MBR-water elicited the strongest response in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
CAS reclaimed water led to greater contaminant occurrence in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- CAS-reclaimed water irrigatione0
- Outcome
- occurrence of CECs in lettucee0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAS-reclaimed water irrigation resulted in a greater occurrence of CECs in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses showed no CEC effect.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- no effect of CECse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis showed no effect of CECs”
t0“lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown in outdoor lysimeters”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity was the most relevant driver of plant changes.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- plant changese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity was the most relevant factor driving plant changes”
t0“lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) grown in outdoor lysimeters”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · molecular: metabolites · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.