Abstract
Exogenous or endogenous caffeine application confers resistance to diverse biotic stresses in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit. Caffeine produced by CPR plants influences the cytosolic Ca2+ ion concentration gradient. We focused on examining the expression of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase genes, a subset of the numerous proteins engaged in abiotic stress signaling. Under normal conditions, CPR plants exhibited increased expressions of seven OsCPKs (OsCPK10, OsCPK12, OsCPK21, OsCPK25, OsCPK26, OsCPK30, and OsCPK31) and biochemical modifications, including antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant (ascorbic acid) content. CPR plants exhibited more pronounced gene expression changes and biochemical alterations in response to water-deficit stress. CPR plants revealed increased expressions of 16 OsCPKs (OsCPK1, OsCPK2, OsCPK3, OsCPK4, OsCPK5, OsCPK6, OsCPK9, OsCPK10, OsCPK11, OsCPK12, OsCPK14, OsCPK16, OsCPK18, OsCPK22, OsCPK24, and OsCPK25) and 8 genes (OsbZIP72, OsLEA25, OsNHX1, OsRab16d, OsDREB2B, OsNAC45, OsP5CS, and OsRSUS1) encoding factors related to abiotic stress tolerance. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased, and non-enzymatic antioxidants accumulated. In addition, a decrease in reactive oxygen species, an accumulation of malondialdehyde, and physiological alterations such as the inhibition of chlorophyll degradation and the protection of photosynthetic machinery were observed. Our results suggest that caffeine is a natural chemical that increases the potential ability of rice to cope with water-deficit stress and provides robust resistance by activating a rapid and comprehensive resistance mechanism in the case of water-deficit stress. The discovery, furthermore, presents a new approach for enhancing crop tolerance to abiotic stress, including water deficit, via the utilization of a specific natural agent.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Under normal conditions, caffeine-producing rice increased expression of seven OsCPK genes.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- caffeine-producing ricee1
- Treatment
- endogenous caffeinee1
- Gene
- OsCPKse2
- Outcome
- expressions of seven OsCPKse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- sevene2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e2“Under normal conditions, CPR plants exhibited increased expressions of seven OsCPKs”
Claim · model-written summary
Under normal conditions, caffeine-producing rice plants showed altered antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- caffeine-producing ricee1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) activitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e2“antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under normal conditions, caffeine-producing rice plants showed altered non-enzymatic antioxidant (ascorbic acid) content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- caffeine-producing ricee1
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic antioxidant (ascorbic acid) contente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e2“non-enzymatic antioxidant (ascorbic acid) content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water-deficit stress, CPR plants showed more pronounced gene expression changes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- CPR plantse3
- Treatment
- water-deficit stresse3
- Outcome
- gene expression changese3
- Direction
- more pronouncede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e3“CPR plants exhibited more pronounced gene expression changes and biochemical alterations in response to water-deficit stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water-deficit stress, CPR plants showed more pronounced biochemical alterations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- CPR plantse3
- Treatment
- water-deficit stresse3
- Outcome
- biochemical alterationse3
- Direction
- more pronouncede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e3“CPR plants exhibited more pronounced gene expression changes and biochemical alterations in response to water-deficit stress”
Claim · model-written summary
CPR plants showed increased expression of 16 OsCPK genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- CPR plantse4
- Gene
- OsCPKse4
- Outcome
- expressions of 16 OsCPKse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 16e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e4“CPR plants revealed increased expressions of 16 OsCPKs”
Claim · model-written summary
CPR plants showed increased expression of 8 stress-tolerance genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- 8 genese5
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- encoding factors related to abiotic stress tolerancee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e4“CPR plants revealed increased expressions of 16 OsCPKs”
e5“and 8 genes (OsbZIP72, OsLEA25, OsNHX1, OsRab16d, OsDREB2B, OsNAC45, OsP5CS, and OsRSUS1) encoding factors related to abiotic stress tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased in CPR plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e6“The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased, and non-enzymatic antioxidants accumulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-enzymatic antioxidants accumulated in CPR plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic antioxidantse6
- Direction
- accumulatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e6“The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased, and non-enzymatic antioxidants accumulated”
Claim · model-written summary
A decrease in reactive oxygen species was observed in CPR plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen speciese7
- Direction
- a decreasee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e7“a decrease in reactive oxygen species”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde accumulated in CPR plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee7
- Direction
- an accumulatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e7“an accumulation of malondialdehyde”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition of chlorophyll degradation was observed in CPR plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degradatione7
- Direction
- the inhibitione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e7“the inhibition of chlorophyll degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
Protection of photosynthetic machinery was observed in CPR plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic machinerye7
- Direction
- the protectione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e7“the protection of photosynthetic machinery”
Claim · model-written summary
Caffeine increases the potential ability of rice to cope with water-deficit stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- endogenous caffeinee1
- Compound
- caffeinee7
- Outcome
- potential ability of rice to cope with water-deficit stresse7
- Direction
- increasese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit”
e7“Our results suggest that caffeine is a natural chemical that increases the potential ability of rice to cope with water-deficit stress”
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